Ecological Investigation Levels and Ecological Screening Levels - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Ecological Investigation Levels and Ecological Screening Levels Naomi Cooper (Ecotoxicologist) and Antti Mikkonen 17 June 2014 1 What we will run through EILs and ESLs definitions n What has changed? n When do I need to consider the EILs?
Ecological Investigation Levels and Ecological Screening Levels
Naomi Cooper (Ecotoxicologist) and Antti Mikkonen
What we will run through
n
EILs and ESLs definitions
n
What has changed?
n
When do I need to consider the EILs?
n
What to do when an EIL is not provided in NEPM?
n
What are the key concepts and how do I use EILs?
n
Case Study
17 June 2014 2 Case Study
n
Site Scenario
n Historical Use: Former electroplating factory n Proposed Use: Low density residential, with gardens
17 June 2014 3 EILs and ESLs Definition
n
Ecological investigation levels (EILs)
n
Developed for selected metals and organic substances
n As, Pb, Cu, Ni, CrIII, Zn, DDT and naphthalene
n
Depend on specific soil physicochemical properties (Cu, Ni, CrIII and Zn) and land use scenarios.
n
Generally apply to the top 2 m of soil.
n
Ecological screening levels (ESLs)
n
Developed for selected petroleum hydrocarbon compounds and total petroleum hydrocarbon fractions.
n BTEX, F1, F2, F3, F4, Benzo(a)pyrene
n
Broadly apply to coarse and fine grained soils and various land uses
n
Generally apply to the top 2 m of soil.
17 June 2014 4 What has changed?
n
The original NEPM (1999) had EILs but they have undergone a complete overhaul
n
Now based on risk-based approaches - Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) model normalised for Australian soil conditions
n # of Rules
n # species, # trophic levels n LOEC, EC30 data
n ANZECC 2000 methodology
17 June 2014 560% Industrial level 80% Residential level 99% National Park level
What has changed?
n
Soil characteristics
n EILs – physiochemical properties n ESLs – soil structure n
Three levels of protection
n Area’s of ecological significance (99% protection) n Urban residential areas and public open space (80% protection) n Commercial and industrial (60% protection)
17 June 2014 6 What to do when a EIL/ESL is not provided in NEPM?
n
The amended NEPM only provides 8 EILs and 9 ESLs
n
Just because there is no EIL or ESL in the new NEPM does not mean it does not pose risk to ecological receptors
n
What to do:
n Consider adopting screening criteria from other jurisdictions
n USEPA, CCME, Dutch
n Ecological Risk Assessment
17 June 2014 7 When do I need to consider EILs/ESLs?
n
EILs/ESLs will not apply to every site and situation
n A risk cannot occur unless a stressor (or source), pathway and
receptor occur in the same place at the same time
17 June 2014 8 Ecological Screening Levels
17 June 2014 9 ESLs
17 June 2014 10n
Ecological Screening Levels
n
Data derived from Canadian Guidance for Petroleum Hydrocarbons in soil
n updates
n
Coarse vs fine soils
ESLs
17 June 2014 11* *
ESLs
17 June 2014 128 X 1.4 1.4 X X
Ecological Screening Levels
17 June 2014 13 What has changed? - EILs
17 June 2014 14n
Scientific methodology = less criteria
n
Dependent on the availability of toxicological research (and the quality of the research)
EILs – Three types
n
Three types of EILS - generic vs soil specific vs site specific
n
Generic EILs – based on land use only
n
Soil-specific EILs - are specific for set of soil physicochemical properties; apply to all soils or sites that have same soil properties and same land use.
n
Site-specific EILs - derived during a Definitive ERA; they are site-specific and may not apply to any other particular site.
17 June 2014 15 n
Generic EILs: apply for arsenic, lead, naphthalene and DDT
n
Table 1B(4) and 1B(5)
n
Fresh contamination < 2 years old, aged contamination ≥ 2 years of age.
EILs – Generic
17 June 2014 17EIL (mg total contaminant/kg) Chemical Age Areas of ecological significance Urban residential and public open space Commercial and industrial Arsenic Fresh 40 100 160 Aged 40 100 160 Lead Fresh 110 270 440 Aged 470 1100 1800 DDT Fresh/Aged 3 180 640 Naphthalene Fresh/Aged 10 170 370
EILs – Soil Specific
ABC = ambient background concentration ACL = added contaminant limit
17 June 2014 19 EILs – Soil Specific
Ambient Background Concentrations
17 June 2014 20 Ambient Background Concentration (ABC)
n
Three methods for determining the ABC are presented in Schedule B5b:
1.
Preferred method is to measure the ABC at an appropriate reference site
n
In situations where an appropriate reference site is not available use either:
2.
The method based on urban metal levels in Olszowy et al. (1995) - aged
3.
Or the geochemical method from Hamon et al. (2004) may be used - fresh
17 June 2014 21 ABCs – Hamon (fresh)
n
Iron concentration is used to estimate background concentrations.
n
Hamon uses the upper 95th percentile of site to calculate correlation plots for background metals.
n
NEPM specifies that the 50th percentile of data should be used.
Hamon’s Regression Parameters for Metals
n
Geochemical correlation equation:
[ ] = (log[Fe ] × Slope) + constant
17 June 2014 22Element Slope Coefficient As 0.574 0.507 Coa 0.894
Cr 0.750 1.242 Cu 0.612 0.808 Ni 0.702 0.834 Pb 1.039 0.118 Zn 0.589 1.024
1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10
Ni (mg/Kg) Fe (%)
Measure d [Ni]
ABCs – Olszowy (aged)
n
Olszowy (et al) established background levels across Australia (four major cities) based on a stratified random sampling (of surface soils; 0- 150 mm).
n
The study categorized findings by suburb age and traffic conditions.
n Old suburb = area where houses in general were > 40 years old n New suburbs = areas in which houses were typically < 20 years old n High traffic was defined by a site being within 50 m of a road where
>250 cars pass by per hour (at peak hour traffic conditions)
n
NOTE: The EIL calculator only uses the 25th % of “old suburb” background data.
17 June 2014 23 EILs – Soil Specific
Added Contaminant Limits
17 June 2014 24 Added Contaminant Limits (ACL)
Fresh contamination Aged contamination
n
Used to calculate EILs
n
Not all parameters included in Schedule B1
ACLs
17 June 2014 26 Key Concepts - How the ACL is determined
17 June 2014 27n
Not as simple as choosing a number from a table
n
A number of calculations are run depending
from these
n
B1 should be used just for a reference
Key Concepts – ACL varies with input parameters
28 The EIL Calculator
Inputs Select contaminant from list below Cu Land use Below needed to calculate fresh and aged ACLs (mg contaminant/kg dry soil) Enter cation exchange capacity (silver thiourea method) (values from 0 to 100 cmolc/kg dwt) Fresh Aged 20 National parks and areas of high conservation value 75 85 Enter soil pH (calcium chloride method) (values from 1 to 14) 9 Enter organic carbon content (%OC) (values from 0 to 50%) Commercial and industrial 180 320 1 10 Below needed to calculate fresh and aged ABCs 75 85 Measured background concentration (mg/kg). Leave blank if no measured value 130 230n
EIL calculator found at: http://www.scew.gov.au/node/941
n
Input site specific soil type parameters to derive ACL
n
Input measured ABC
n
n
and state/traffic for aged
n
EIL = ABC + ACL
n
More on ABC and ACL at the training module
n
Outputs for fresh/aged EILs for 3 levels of protection
Case Study 1- Case Study 5 from Schedule B1
Former Electroplating Factory (5 years ago) – Low density residential, with gardens
Stratigraphy:
n
0-1 m imported clay / soil fill of uniform characteristics. Imported prior to use.
n
1-2 m natural- Silty SAND, trace clay
n
No contaminants of concern are expected greater than 2 m bgl.
n
What are contaminants of concern? Aged or fresh contamination?
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Phase 2 soil sampling program included analysis for CEC, pH and % clay on:
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10 samples from 0 - 1 m bgl (including 4 representative of background)
n
8 samples from 1- 2 m bgl (including 4 representative of background)
17 June 2014 30 Case Study 1- Case Study 5 from Schedule B1
Soil Sample Results
Table 1: Soil Physical Properties Table 2: Ambient Background Conditions
n
Use NEPM Tables 1B(1 to 5). Check with Tool Box Calculator.
17 June 2014 31Depth (m bgl) CEC (cmol/kg) pH (pH units) % Clay (%) Organic Content 0-1 9 6 10 1.0 1-2 17 6.5 12 0.4 ABC Depth Cu Zn Ni Cr (III) Pb As 0-1 4 65 2 7 44 18 1-2 1.5 8 0.5 10 24 13
Case Study 1- Results
n
ACL from NEPM tables – Generic values (Tables 1B(4) and 1B(5))
17 June 2014 32ACL (mg total contaminant/kg) Chemical Age Areas of ecological significance Urban residential and public open space Commercial and industrial Arsenic Fresh 40 100 160 Aged 40 100 160 Lead Fresh 110 270 440 Aged 470 1100 1800 DDT Fresh/Aged 3 180 640 Naphthalene Fresh/Aged 10 170 370
Case Study 1- Results
n
ACL from NEPM tables – soil specific values Zn
n
Zn – pH, CEC
n
Table 1B(1)
n
Depth 0-1m Zn ACL = ?, Depth 1-2m Zn ACL = ?
17 June 2014 33Depth (m bgl) CEC (cmol/kg) pH (pH units) % Clay (%) Organic Content
0-1 9 6 10 1.0 1-2 17 6.5 12 0.4
Case Study 1- Results
n
ACL from NEPM tables – soil specific values Zn
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Zn – pH, CEC
n
Table 1B(1)
n
Depth 0-1m Cu ACL = 400, Depth 1-2m Cu ACL = 590
17 June 2014 34Depth (m bgl) CEC (cmol/kg) pH (pH units) % Clay (%) Organic Content
0-1 9 6 10 1.0 1-2 17 6.5 12 0.4
Case Study 1- Results
n
ACL from NEPM tables – soil specific values Ni and Cr
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Ni – CEC
n
Cr - % clay
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Table 1B(3)
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Ni
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Depth 0-1m Ni ACL = 170
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Depth 1-2m Ni ACL = 270 n
CrIII
n
Depth 0-1m Cr ACL = 400
n
Depth 1-2m Cr ACL = 400
17 June 2014 35Depth (m bgl) CEC (cmol/kg) pH (pH units) % Clay (%) Organic Content
0-1 9 6 10 1.0 1-2 17 6.5 12 0.4
Case Study 1- Results
n
ACL from NEPM tables – soil specific values Cu
n
Cu – pH, CEC, OC
n
Table 1B(2)
n
Depth 0-1m Cu ACL = 190, Depth 1-2m Cu ACL = 210
17 June 2014 36Depth (m bgl) CEC (cmol/kg) pH (pH units) % Clay (%) Organic Content
0-1 9 6 10 1.0 1-2 17 6.5 12 0.4
Case Study 1- Results
n
ACL from NEPM tables
n
Background Concentrations n
Soil Specific EIL = ACL + ABC
17 June 2014 37ACL Depth Cu Zn Ni Cr (III) Pb As (EIL) 0-1 190 400 170 400 1100 100 1-2 210 590 270 400 1100 100
EIL Depth Cu Zn Ni Cr (III) Pb As (EIL) 0-1 194 465 172 407 1100 100 1-2 211.5 598 270.5 410 1100 100
ABC Depth Cu Zn Ni Cr (III) Pb As 0-1 4 65 2 7 44 18 1-2 1.5 8 0.5 10 24 13
Case Study 1 – Using ASC Calculator Tool
Soil Specific EILs calculated using the ASC EIL Calculation Spread Sheet http://www.scew.gov.au/node/941
17 June 2014 38 Case Study 1 – Using ASC Calculator Tool
n
EIL Calculation Spread Sheet vs Tables 1B(1) – 1B(5)
17 June 2014 39EIL Depth Cu Zn Ni Cr (III) Pb As 0-1 180 430 130 400 1100 100 1-2 110 600 240 430 1100 100
n
Values differ from manually calculated because:
n ASC spread sheet does not use rounded ACLs and does not round
soil parameters rounds at the end
n Tables provided in NEPM does not account for organic content
EIL Depth Cu Zn Ni Cr (III) Pb As 0-1 194 465 172 407 1100 100 1-2 211.5 598 270.5 410 1100 100 Calculator Tables
Recap
n
Ecological screening levels (ESLs)
n
Broadly apply to coarse and fine grained soils and various land uses
n
Ecological investigation levels (EILs)
n
Depend on specific soil physicochemical properties and land use scenarios.
n
Not applicable to all situations
n
Don’t rely on B1
n
EIL calculator more accurate than Schedule B1 tables
17 June 2014 40 Questions?
17 June 2014 41 Acknowledgements
17 June 2014 42n
Thank you must go to the presentation co-author, Antii Mikkonen (Environmental Scientist, Golder Associates). Additional thanks also to Kirsten Broadgate (Principal Environmental Toxicologist, Golder Associates) for reviewing the presentation.