ECE 566: Grid Integration of Wind Energy Systems S. Suryanarayanan - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References

ECE 566: Grid Integration of Wind Energy Systems

• S. Suryanarayanan

Associate Professor ECE Dept.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References

Reminders and notifications

1

Homework 1: Was due today (9.9.14) at 515pm (mtn time) via RamCT Blackboard.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References

Reminders and notifications

1

Homework 1: Was due today (9.9.14) at 515pm (mtn time) via RamCT Blackboard.

2

Homework 2: Will be uploaded to RamCT on Friday (9.12.14)

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References

Reminders and notifications

1

Homework 1: Was due today (9.9.14) at 515pm (mtn time) via RamCT Blackboard.

2

Homework 2: Will be uploaded to RamCT on Friday (9.12.14)

3

Reading material for Weeks 3 and 4 are on RamCT

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References

Reminders and notifications

1

Homework 1: Was due today (9.9.14) at 515pm (mtn time) via RamCT Blackboard.

2

Homework 2: Will be uploaded to RamCT on Friday (9.12.14)

3

Reading material for Weeks 3 and 4 are on RamCT

4

Weeks 3 and 4: Guest lectures by Dr. James Cale, NREL

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References

For part-A of Week 3 lecture CUSPTMlecture on ’Wind turbine modeling and control’ from the Wind Energy Essentials course at the University

• f Minnesota (UMN)

Recording and slides available on RamCT Blackboard

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Introduction Consumer requirements Wind farm operators requirements

Basic integration issues of wind power [1]

PG = PD + PL − PW (1)

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Introduction Consumer requirements Wind farm operators requirements

Basic integration issues of wind power [1]

Equation (1) is true for both short and long time-frames Equation (1) also shows that electricity cannot be stored within the power system Changes in demand and wind generation must be met immediately to maintain balance Failure to balance Equation (1) will lead to blackouts

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Introduction Consumer requirements Wind farm operators requirements

Consumer requirements [1] CR1 Voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) has to stay within an acceptable range CR2 Reliability of supply CR3 Supply should be reasonably priced

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Introduction Consumer requirements Wind farm operators requirements

Wind farm operators requirements [1] WP1 Voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) has to stay within an acceptable range WP2 Ability of network on demand to sell power WP3 Maintain a good balance between costs of

• peration and benefits

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in integration [1]

How to meet CR1, CR2, WP1, & WP2 in an economically efficient manner— i.e, while satisfying CR3 & WP3—even when wind penetration in the electric grid is high?

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Generators PG keep the voltage U0 constant by steady production of electricity that equals the demand PD

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Generators PG keep the voltage U0 constant by steady production of electricity that equals the demand PD When PD changes, the currents I3 and I1 change

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Generators PG keep the voltage U0 constant by steady production of electricity that equals the demand PD When PD changes, the currents I3 and I1 change These cause voltage drops over impedances Z3 and Z1, respectively

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Generators PG keep the voltage U0 constant by steady production of electricity that equals the demand PD When PD changes, the currents I3 and I1 change These cause voltage drops over impedances Z3 and Z1, respectively In case of long lines or comparatively low voltages, Z3 and Z1 will be large, and hence the change in U3 due to change in PD will be significant

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Generators PG keep the voltage U0 constant by steady production of electricity that equals the demand PD When PD changes, the currents I3 and I1 change These cause voltage drops over impedances Z3 and Z1, respectively In case of long lines or comparatively low voltages, Z3 and Z1 will be large, and hence the change in U3 due to change in PD will be significant To avoid significant impact to customers (CR1), the following may be adopted:

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is no wind power installation A Build a stronger grid (with lower values of Z3 and Z1) by operating lines at higher voltages and installing larger transformers B Control U3 by installing controllable transformers near the end-user realm C Control U1 by installing voltage-controlling equipment such as controllable transformers, shunt capacitors/reactors on the grid

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Let us assume now that wind generators installed the system are producing PW electricity as well

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Let us assume now that wind generators installed the system are producing PW electricity as well When PW changes due to changes in υ1, the current I2 will vary

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Let us assume now that wind generators installed the system are producing PW electricity as well When PW changes due to changes in υ1, the current I2 will vary This will cause I1 to change and will cause a drop in Z1,

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Let us assume now that wind generators installed the system are producing PW electricity as well When PW changes due to changes in υ1, the current I2 will vary This will cause I1 to change and will cause a drop in Z1, This will introduce a change in U1 as well as in U3

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Let us assume now that wind generators installed the system are producing PW electricity as well When PW changes due to changes in υ1, the current I2 will vary This will cause I1 to change and will cause a drop in Z1, This will introduce a change in U1 as well as in U3 The change in U3 depends primarily on the size of Z1

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Let us assume now that wind generators installed the system are producing PW electricity as well When PW changes due to changes in υ1, the current I2 will vary This will cause I1 to change and will cause a drop in Z1, This will introduce a change in U1 as well as in U3 The change in U3 depends primarily on the size of Z1 If Z1 is large, the correlation between variations in PW and U3 will be profound; if Z1 small, this correlation will be small and U3 will not be affected much.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Let us assume now that wind generators installed the system are producing PW electricity as well When PW changes due to changes in υ1, the current I2 will vary This will cause I1 to change and will cause a drop in Z1, This will introduce a change in U1 as well as in U3 The change in U3 depends primarily on the size of Z1 If Z1 is large, the correlation between variations in PW and U3 will be profound; if Z1 small, this correlation will be small and U3 will not be affected much. Typically, customers located electrically close to the wind farm will be affected more.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Let us assume now that wind generators installed the system are producing PW electricity as well When PW changes due to changes in υ1, the current I2 will vary This will cause I1 to change and will cause a drop in Z1, This will introduce a change in U1 as well as in U3 The change in U3 depends primarily on the size of Z1 If Z1 is large, the correlation between variations in PW and U3 will be profound; if Z1 small, this correlation will be small and U3 will not be affected much. Typically, customers located electrically close to the wind farm will be affected more. To avoid significant impact to customers (CR1), the

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR1 [1]

When there is wind power installation D Use local voltage control methods at either the wind turbine or the wind farm to controlU2.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in WP1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Voltage U2 depends on: PW, PD, Z1, and Z2

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in WP1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Voltage U2 depends on: PW, PD, Z1, and Z2 The difference between CR1 and WP1 is that the size of Z2 is more important than that of Z3

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in WP1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Voltage U2 depends on: PW, PD, Z1, and Z2 The difference between CR1 and WP1 is that the size of Z2 is more important than that of Z3 This plays a role when customers are located far away from the wind farm

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in WP1 [1]

When there is wind power installation Voltage U2 depends on: PW, PD, Z1, and Z2 The difference between CR1 and WP1 is that the size of Z2 is more important than that of Z3 This plays a role when customers are located far away from the wind farm To avoid significant impact to customers (CR1), the following, in addition to the previous actions A, B, & D, the following may be adopted:

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in WP1 [1]

When there is wind power installation E Use controllable transformers located close to U2. However, this action may be slower in its response than the control action D.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Conventional synchronous generators produce electric power PG to meet the demand PD

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Conventional synchronous generators produce electric power PG to meet the demand PD Turbine rotates and drives the rotor

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Conventional synchronous generators produce electric power PG to meet the demand PD Turbine rotates and drives the rotor PT is power delivered by turbine; PS is power delivered from the stored kinetic energy of the rotating mass of turbine, shaft, and rotor

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation During normal operation, PS = 0.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation During normal operation, PS = 0. If PD increase, PG will increase correspondingly

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation During normal operation, PS = 0. If PD increase, PG will increase correspondingly This change, initially, is not due to increase in PT; but, due to release of stored kinetic energy, PS. When this is used up, the rotational system will slow down, causing a decrease in electrical frequency

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation During normal operation, PS = 0. If PD increase, PG will increase correspondingly This change, initially, is not due to increase in PT; but, due to release of stored kinetic energy, PS. When this is used up, the rotational system will slow down, causing a decrease in electrical frequency Hence, when PD increases, the electrical frequency will decrease, and vice-versa.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation If the power unbalance is uncorrected, large deviations of frequency will occur causing blackouts.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation If the power unbalance is uncorrected, large deviations of frequency will occur causing blackouts. To prevent this, power plants must deploy primary controls for adjusting the output of the plant (PT) when frequency changes

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation If the power unbalance is uncorrected, large deviations of frequency will occur causing blackouts. To prevent this, power plants must deploy primary controls for adjusting the output of the plant (PT) when frequency changes Depending on the power plant type, the response times can be different

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation If the power unbalance is uncorrected, large deviations of frequency will occur causing blackouts. To prevent this, power plants must deploy primary controls for adjusting the output of the plant (PT) when frequency changes Depending on the power plant type, the response times can be different Typically, fast-acting plants can change their output by a few percent of the rate3d capacity within 30 − −60 seconds

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation If the power unbalance is uncorrected, large deviations of frequency will occur causing blackouts. To prevent this, power plants must deploy primary controls for adjusting the output of the plant (PT) when frequency changes Depending on the power plant type, the response times can be different Typically, fast-acting plants can change their output by a few percent of the rate3d capacity within 30 − −60 seconds Following this, secondary and tertiary controls that act in time frames of 30 minutes or so will take over the action of the primary control system.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Meeting CR2 is known as load balancing

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Meeting CR2 is known as load balancing The power system must possess sufficient primary, secondary, & tertiary controls to perform load balancing

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Meeting CR2 is known as load balancing The power system must possess sufficient primary, secondary, & tertiary controls to perform load balancing Power plants must have sufficient reserve margins at all times to increase power production to meet changes in P − D

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Meeting CR2 is known as load balancing The power system must possess sufficient primary, secondary, & tertiary controls to perform load balancing Power plants must have sufficient reserve margins at all times to increase power production to meet changes in P − D Primary controls are system-wide for the entire synchronous grid; secondary control is achieved through automatic generation control (AGC) in a balancing area (BA)

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is wind power installation When wind power is present in the system, the fluctuations associated with the source will be even more profound

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is wind power installation When wind power is present in the system, the fluctuations associated with the source will be even more profound Meeting CR2 under such conditions is more challenging

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is wind power installation When wind power is present in the system, the fluctuations associated with the source will be even more profound Meeting CR2 under such conditions is more challenging The primary, secondary, & tertiary controls will perform exactly like the previous case; however, with the increased burden operating frequently to correct any imbalances

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is wind power installation When wind power is present in the system, the fluctuations associated with the source will be even more profound Meeting CR2 under such conditions is more challenging The primary, secondary, & tertiary controls will perform exactly like the previous case; however, with the increased burden operating frequently to correct any imbalances In Europe, even with high penetration of wind (20%) that was geographically distributed, there was no need for adding primary control capacity

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is wind power installation When wind power is present in the system, the fluctuations associated with the source will be even more profound Meeting CR2 under such conditions is more challenging The primary, secondary, & tertiary controls will perform exactly like the previous case; however, with the increased burden operating frequently to correct any imbalances In Europe, even with high penetration of wind (20%) that was geographically distributed, there was no need for adding primary control capacity This was due to the smoothing effect of dispersion that produced low short-term variations

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is wind power installation However, any mismatch between the forecast and actual wind productions have to be corrected by secondary controls; thus, the requirements for secondary control capacity are affected significantly by wind power penetration levels Such additional system requirements are highly system-specific and depend on:

1

load characteristics in the system

2

flexibility of conventional power plants in the system

3

geographical distribution and level of wind power penetration

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR2 [1]

When there is wind power installation Costs of meeting additional system requirements depend

• n:

1

types of power plants in the system (PG)

2

size of interconnection to neighboring parts of the system

Larger wind penetrations may have higher merits in systems with flexible AGC

1

System-wide AGC is more cost-effective than only control area-wide AGCs

2

Stricter AGCs will require deployment changes in multiple BAs

3

Flexible AGCs will only require deployment changes in one transmission between the areas affected

4

Assumption: there is enough available transmission capacity (ATC) to wheel power

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in WP2 [1]

When there is wind power installation Wind farms will want to sell electricity to the grid when wind power production is conducive Depending on the power system design, this may cause issues with:

1

transmission congestion

2

market deviations

3

stability of the system

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR3 [1]

When there is no wind power installation No power system can be built with 100% reliability

1

Let us suppose we have a power system with 4 9‘s reliability; this means, that the capacity (PG) in the system is unavailable to fully support the system demand (PD + PL) for approximately 53 minutes in a year [2]

2

To avoid this loos of supply for 53 minutes, additional capacity must be built

3

But this additional capacity will be used for only 53 minutes

• ut of 525600 minutes in a year

4

Economically not viable

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR3 [1]

When there is no wind power installation The N-1 criterion of power system design

1

N-1 criterion: An unavailability of the largest plant or transmission line or transformer in the system should not cause any disruption of service to the customer.

2

When a large plant drops off the system, the resultant unbalance in load will cause a decrease in frequency

3

Primary control actions of other units will then pick up this slack and restore the frequency

4

This implies that the system reserve margins must be at least as large as the capacity of the largest power plant in the system

5

Costs of the excess generation (i.e., system reserve margins) are passed on to the customers; a premium against the risk of disrupted supply

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in CR3 [1]

When there is no wind power installation Transmission capacity in the grid

1

There must be sufficient transmission capacity in the grid to wheel power across different parts of the system

2

This is especially significant when thought of along with the N-1 criterion and its impact

3

Redundant transmission lines are required to meet the demand in the system reliably

4

Cost of this redundancy is to be compared to the costs associated with disconnecting customers (i.e., Value of lost load) for decision-making

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in WP3 [1]

When there is wind power installation Wind power penetration modifies the relationships between reliability costs and consumer costs for insufficient reliability These economic trade-offs affect both the wind farm

• perators as well as the customers

Capacity margin

1

There must be enough capacity in a given power system to meet the peak load

2

In any practical power system, there is a finite probability that the total P − G may not be enough to cover total PD

3

With wind power penetration, there is a certain probability that there will be some power available from wind during peak conditions

4

This decreases the risk of capacity deficit as well as decreasing the installed capacity of conventional power plants in the system without decreasing reliability

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in WP3 [1]

When there is wind power installation Active power balancing in systems with wind power is more complicated due to the variation of wind (and not just the load) Cost benefit analyses should consider worst case scenarios of loss of wind power during the highest wind profile times, thus requiring increased production from

• ther plants

When load varies, the utility of wind power plants as an asset that engages in load balancing may be considered for economic trade-offs

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in WP3 [1]

When there is wind power installation Transmission system and wind power

1

Typically, wind farms are located in remote areas (with good wind) with large distance from the power grid (i.e., cost of Z2 and lines is high)

2

A back-up transmission grid (or lines) may be necessary to wheel the wind power to the rest of the grid

3

Benefits of this back-up transmission grid may not always

• ut-weigh the costs

4

Lack of such redundant transmission lines may have a negative impact on the availability of wind farms

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References Challenge in CR1 Challenge in WP1 Challenge in CR2

Challenge in WP3 [1]

When there is wind power installation Power quality requirements at PCC of wind farm is significant; if very stable voltage is required at (U2), then the grid (represented by Z2) must include voltage-regulating devices⇒ Costs! U1 may also show significant variation with increased PW, thus requiring additional voltage-control equipment

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b

Basic integration issues Challenge in integration References

• T. Ackermann. Wind Power in Power Systems. Wiley,
• 2012. ISBN: 9781119941835. URL: http:

//books.google.com/books?id=QM60LmgaeeQC. G.T. Heydt. “Improving distribution reliability (the "N 9 problem") by the addition of primary feeders”. In: IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 19.1 (2004), pp. 434–435.

ISSN: 0885-8977. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2003.820408.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 3b