ECE 566: Grid Integration of Wind Energy Systems S. Suryanarayanan - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References

ECE 566: Grid Integration of Wind Energy Systems

• S. Suryanarayanan

Associate Professor Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References

Outline

1

A condensed history of wind energy Ancient past Recent past

2

Growth of wind energy conversion systems Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

3

Introduction to wind power plants Physics of wind power

4

Acknowledgments

5

References

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Ancient past Recent past

Outline

1

A condensed history of wind energy Ancient past Recent past

2

Growth of wind energy conversion systems Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

3

Introduction to wind power plants Physics of wind power

4

Acknowledgments

5

References

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Ancient past Recent past

A condensed history of wind energy

Ancient past from Wikipedia [1] Humans have long harnessed the power in wind to:

Navigate Irrigate Ventilate Operate rudimentary mechanical devices

Since middle ages wind power has been used progressively for operating sophisticated machinery

Grist milling in Persia using vertical axis turbines Water pumps for salt-making

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Ancient past Recent past

A condensed history of wind energy

Not-so-ancient past: early 20th Century from the DOE [2]

Approximately 6 million windmills once dotted the Western US landscape circa 1890 Around the same time, Denmark started to introduce large windmills called ‘wind turbines’ Danes are the first to generate electricity from wind turbines [3] A 1.25MW turbine in VT known as Grandpa‘s knob supplied electricity to a local utility in the

• 1940s. See figure from [3]

Wind industry productions slacked in the 1950s

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Ancient past Recent past

Outline

1

A condensed history of wind energy Ancient past Recent past

2

Growth of wind energy conversion systems Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

3

Introduction to wind power plants Physics of wind power

4

Acknowledgments

5

References

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Ancient past Recent past

A condensed history of wind energy in the US

Recent past from the DOE [2]

Oil embargo hit the US in the 1970s causing energy prices to increase rapidly This rekindled economic and research interests in wind energy 1978 saw the introduction of Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), enabling independent power producers (IPPs) to sell electricity to large producers Energy Policy Act of 1992 introduced production tax credits (PTCs) of $1.5 per kWh for wind power

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Ancient past Recent past

A condensed history of wind energy in the US

Recent past from the DOE [2] Through the first decade of the new century, wind power price decreases steadily and installed capacity increases 2008 marked the 20% wind by 2030 initiative by the US DoE In 2012 wind energy attains the status of ‘fastest growing renewable source’ of electricity In 2013, US DOE revisits the original 20% wind by 2030 initiative through the ‘Wind Vision’ program Wind Vision http://goo.gl/lyoIVf

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

Outline

1

A condensed history of wind energy Ancient past Recent past

2

Growth of wind energy conversion systems Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

3

Introduction to wind power plants Physics of wind power

4

Acknowledgments

5

References

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

Sources of electricity generation in US

✄ ✂

• ✁

Source:(Apr. 2014) DOE Energy Information Administration. [Online]

✄ ✂

• ✁

http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/article/renewable_electricity.cfm (accessed: Aug 2014)

% of electricity generation Coal 39% Natural gas 27% Nuclear 19% Renewables 13% Petroleum 1% % of types of renewables Hydro 52% Wind 32% Biomass wood 8% Biomass waste 4% Geothermal 3% Solar 2%

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

Outline

1

A condensed history of wind energy Ancient past Recent past

2

Growth of wind energy conversion systems Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

3

Introduction to wind power plants Physics of wind power

4

Acknowledgments

5

References

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

Wind profile at 80m rotor height from NREL [4]

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

Outline

1

A condensed history of wind energy Ancient past Recent past

2

Growth of wind energy conversion systems Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

3

Introduction to wind power plants Physics of wind power

4

Acknowledgments

5

References

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

Growth of installed capacity in US

Wind power installations has grown steadily from 2500 MW in 2000 to 61150 MW in 2013 [5] Electricity generated from wind power has grown from 5593 GWh in 2000 to 167500 GWh [5]

Figure generated using data from [5] Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

Growth of wind power in US (figures generated using data from [5])

✞ ✝ ☎ ✆

Installed capacity (MW)

✞ ✝ ☎ ✆

% of elec. from wind

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

Outline

1

A condensed history of wind energy Ancient past Recent past

2

Growth of wind energy conversion systems Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

3

Introduction to wind power plants Physics of wind power

4

Acknowledgments

5

References

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

2006 installed capacity (MW) figure generated using data from [6]

✞ ✝ ☎ ✆

http://www-958.ibm.com/v/405689

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

2013 installed capacity (MW) figure generated using data from [6]

✞ ✝ ☎ ✆

http://www-958.ibm.com/v/405689

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

Outline

1

A condensed history of wind energy Ancient past Recent past

2

Growth of wind energy conversion systems Sources of electricity generation in US Wind profiles in the continental US Growth of wind power in US Growth of wind power worldwide

3

Introduction to wind power plants Physics of wind power

4

Acknowledgments

5

References

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind

How much power can be extracted from wind? P = (1) P = Power in wind

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind

How much power can be extracted from wind? P = 1 2 ρ A υ3 (1) P = Power in wind ρ = Air density (function of altitude and temperature)

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind

How much power can be extracted from wind? P = 1 2 ρ A υ3 (1) P = Power in wind ρ = Air density (function of altitude and temperature) A = Area intercepted by wind

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind

How much power can be extracted from wind? P = 1 2 ρ A υ3 (1) P = Power in wind ρ = Air density (function of altitude and temperature) A = Area intercepted by wind υ = Wind velocity.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Derivation from Ragheb [7] P is function of wind‘s kinetic energy equal to dKE

dt

=

d υ2m

2

dt

Assuming constant wind velocity (i.e., dυ

dt =0) and using

chain rule of diff., we get: P= υ2 ˙

m 2 , where ˙

m is the mass flow rate ˙ m = ρAυ, for a cross-sectional area of A and air density ρ Substituting we get equation (1).

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Betz‘s law from Ragheb [7] & Wikipedia [8] In open flow, the maximum power captured by any turbine can is 16

27 of wind‘s kinetic energy

Quantified in 1919 by Albert Betz in Göttingnen Establishes a theoretical maximum power extracted from any wind turbine as 59.3% of Equation 1 Unit-less quantity (constant) is known as Betz‘s limit or Performance Coefficient (Cp). In practical systems the maximum power extracted from wind turbines is approximately 75% of the theoretical maximum

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Betz‘s law Pmax = 16

27 1 2 ρ A υ3

Value of air density (ρ) is 1.23 kg/m3 A is measured in m2; use blade length of turbine to compute A Wind speed υ is measured in m/s

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Example 1 Calculate the Betz limit for a horizontal-axis wind turbine with a blade diameter of 50m for an upstream wind speed

• f υ = 13m/s.

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Example 1 Calculate the Betz limit for a horizontal-axis wind turbine with a blade diameter of 50m for an upstream wind speed

• f υ = 13m/s.

Pmax = 16

27 1 2 (1.23) π (252) 133

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Example 1 Calculate the Betz limit for a horizontal-axis wind turbine with a blade diameter of 50m for an upstream wind speed

• f υ = 13m/s.

Pmax = 16

27 1 2 (1.23) π (252) 133

Pmax = 1.572 MW

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Performance coefficient [?] Note that the Pmax represents a theoretical maximum energy captured by the turbine blades In reality, the η of a wind turbine is lesser and may be around 40 − 48% Also, Cp is assumed as a constant in our previous

• example. That is not the case in reality

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Performance coefficient [9] By applying the laws of aerodynamics, the power extracted by the turbine is expressed as: Pmax = 1

2Cp(λ, θ)ρ A υ3,

where λ is the tip-speed ratio θ is the pitch angle of the blades

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Tip speed ratio λ [9] λ is ratio of the circumferential speed of the turbine blade tips to the upstream wind speed. λ = ωwR

υ1

where: ωw is the angular velocity of the blades (rad/s) R is the radius of the area swept, i.e., blade length (m) υ1 is the upstream wind speed

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Tip speed ratio λ What is the tip speed ratio of the wind turbine given in example 1 if its rotational speed is .5 rotations per second?

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Tip speed ratio λ What is the tip speed ratio of the wind turbine given in example 1 if its rotational speed is .5 rotations per second? f = .5 rps = ⇒ ωw = 2 π f = 3.1416 rad/s

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Tip speed ratio λ What is the tip speed ratio of the wind turbine given in example 1 if its rotational speed is .5 rotations per second? f = .5 rps = ⇒ ωw = 2 π f = 3.1416 rad/s λ = ωwR

υ1

= 3.1416x25

13

= 6.04

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Pitch angle θ [9] In high wind velocities, turbines may need to slow down or limit the power production This is done by pitching or rotating the blades at an angle to the wind direction This is done to reduce the aerodynamic torque on the turbine

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Relationship between Cp and λ & θ [10] Cp(λ, θ) = C1(C2 1

β − C3θ − C4θx − C5)e−C6 1

β

C1:C6 and x values vary for types of wind turbines For the MOD-2 type wind turbine given in [10]:

1 β = 1 λ+0.08θ − 0.035 1+θ3

C1 0.5 C2 116 C3 0.4 C4 C5 5 C6 21

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

A typical Cp v. λ curve for a range of θ for the MOD-2 type turbine using data from [10].

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References Physics of wind power

The power in wind (contd.)

Capacity factor Capacity Factor (CF) is the ratio of the actual energy

• utput by a power plant to the potential output if the plant

was run at its rated capacity for the entire time. Usually, CF is computed on an annual basis Depending upon the location, the CF of wind farms vary from 20 − 40% [11] CF of base-power plants such as coal and nuclear are higher than wind farms. Why?

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References

Acknowledgments CREW course development grant

• Prof. Dionysios Aliprantis, Purdue University

Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B

A condensed history of wind energy Growth of wind energy conversion systems Introduction to wind power plants Acknowledgments References (May 2014). Wikipedia. History of wind power. [Online] http://goo.gl/2j4xWT (accessed: Aug 2014). US Dept. of Energy. History of wind energy. [Online] http://energy.gov/eere/wind/history-wind-energy. (accessed: Aug 2014). (2012). V. Warner, History behind wind turbines. [Online] http://goo.gl/22QrrZ (accessed: Aug 2014). (Jun. 2014). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Wind Maps. [Online] http://www.nrel.gov/gis/wind.html (accessed: Aug 2014). (Aug. 2014). Wikipedia. Wind power in the United States. [Online] http://goo.gl/gvR6t8 (accessed: Aug 2014). (Aug. 2014). Wikipedia. Wind power by country. [Online] http://goo.gl/sCjeMc (accessed: Aug 2014). (Feb. 2014). Univ. of Illinois. M. Ragheb, Wind energy conversion theory, Betz equation. NPRE 475 course notes, [Online] http://goo.gl/yG2H2P (accessed: Aug 2014). (Aug. 2014). Wikipedia. Betz‘s law. [Online] http://goo.gl/x0OZFd (accessed: Aug 2014). (Aug 2014). Purdue University. D. C. Aliprantis, Fundamentals of Wind Energy Conversion for Electrical

• Engineers. Notes.
• S. Heier. Grid integration of wind energy: Onshore and offshore conversion systems. 3rd Ed. John Wiley &

Sons: W. Sussex, England, 2014. Wind power in power systems. (Ed.) T. Ackermann. John Wiley & Sons: W. Sussex, England, 2006, p. 149. Suryanarayanan ECE 566 Lecture/Week 1: Part B