DUE TODAY DUE 2/13/17 CLASSWORK: HOMEWORK: OPEN BINDER/NOTE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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"D-N-A" by SUNG SCIENCE Video Clip The DNA Song (Parody of Fetty Wap - Trap Queen) Video Clip

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DUE TODAY

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CLASSWORK: OPEN BINDER/NOTE TEST #3 (2ND HOUR 2/7/16)

DUE 2/13/17

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HOMEWORK: Student Weekly Grade Tracking #24

DUE 2/13/17

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EXTRA CREDIT: CELL ANALOGY PROJECT

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DNA, RNA and Proteins
 The Structure of DNA Why does it matter to you?

• DNA is the “blueprint” from which all living things are

made, so understanding DNA is key to understanding life.

DNA: The Genetic Material

• 1800s, Gregor Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents

to offspring.

• Many years later, scientists have discovered how these traits are

passed on. – The instructions for inherited traits are called genes.

• 1950s, however, scientists did not know what genes were made of.
• We now know that genes are made of small segments of

deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA

• DNA is the primary material that causes recognizable, inheritable

characteristics in related groups of organisms.


Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation

• 2 separate strains of bacteria

– S Strain- caused pneumonia, covered by a capsule of polysaccharides

• Mice that were injected with the S Strain died
• Mice that were inject with heat-killed S bacteria did not

die but capsule was still present – R Strain-does not cause pneumonia and is not covered by capsule of polysaccharides

• Mice injected with R bacteria did not die
• Mice were injected with R bacteria and the heat-killed S

bacteria did die – Why do you think that this happened?

Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation

• Griffith had discovered transformation, which is a change in

genotype that is caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.

• His experiment led to the conclusion that genetic material

could be transferred between cells.

• But no one knew that this material was DNA.

Hershey-Chase Experiment

The Hershey- Chase Experiment determined that DNA is the hereditary material, at least in viruses.

The Shape of DNA

• After the 1950’s most scientists were convinced that genes

were made of DNA, but nothing was known about it’s structure.

• James Watson and Francis Crick pieced together a model of

DNA’s structure

• Structure

– Winding Staircase – Nucleotide Subunits

The Shape of DNA

• How were James

Watson and Francis Crick able to determine the double-helical structure of DNA?

• Experiments from

Chargaff, Wilkins and Franklin

• Chargaff- 1949- A=T and G=C
• Using technology
• Franklin and Wilkins- 1952- high

quality X-rays to study the structure

• f molecules

The Shape of DNA

• A DNA molecule is shaped like a spiral staircase and is

composed of two parallel strands of linked subunits. This spiral shape is known as a double helix.

• Each nucleotide is made up of three parts
• 1. Phosphate group
• 2. Five –carbon sugar molecule
• 3. Nitrogen-Containing base.

The Shape of DNA

The Information in DNA

• The structure of DNA is very important in the transfer of genetic

information.

• The information in DNA is contained in the order of the bases
• Base-pairing structure allows the information to be copied
• Each nucleotide has the same sugar molecule and phosphate

group, but the nucleotide can have one of four nitrogenous bases – Nitrogenous Bases Bases

• Adenine (A)

*A and G = purines

• Guanine (G)
• Thymine (T)

*T and C= pyrimidines

• Cytosine (C)


The Information in DNA

• Base-Pairing Rules
• A purine on one strand of a DNA molecule is always paired

with a pyrimidine on the other strand.

• Pyrimidines= Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C)
• Purines= Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
• Adenine always pairs with thymine
• Guanine always pairs with cytosine
• dictated by the chemical structure
• f the bases

The Information in DNA

• Paired bases are said to be complementary because they fit

together

• Example: TATGAGAGT
• Example: TATGAGAGT

ATACTCTCA Pairing insures that each strand of a DNA molecule contains the same information

The Information in DNA

Back to your DNA candy model…

• Using your candy DNA

model, make adjustments to your

• DNA. Remember to

look back at your notes to determine any necessary changes.

4-Corners

Adenine Cytosine Thymine Guanine

4 Corners

• 4- Corners asking the following questions:

What is the missing complementary base nucleotide for each of the following? A T C G – What nitrogenous base is considered a purine?

• Guanine AND adenine

– What nitrogenous base is considered a pyrimidine?

• Thymine and cytosine

– In the sequence of nitrogenous bases in one strand of DNA is G A G T C, what is the bases in the underlined complementary strand of DNA? Answer: C T C A G

Adenine Cytosine Thymine Guanine

In the Future…

• Replication of DNA

– Describing the steps of DNA replication – Comparing the role of DNA helicases and DNA polymerases – Comparing the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes

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WORKSHEET

( B I N D E R )

NUCLEIC ACIDS WORKSHEET

(BINDER)

HAVE A WONDERFUL DAY!