Dominant Species Embedded Information Technology Embedded = most - - PDF document

SLIDE 1

Embedded Systems

Jakob Engblom

• Adj. Lektor, IT-inst

Business Development Manager, Virtutech

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Computer Perspective

“A computer that doesn’t

look like a computer”

Interacts with world Primitive or no user interface Part of other products

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Electronics Perspective

A product that contains

a programmable processor

Software programming

is part of the design of the product

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Dominant Species

"Desktop" 2% "Embedded" 98%

Embedded = most processors!

300 million PC and server 9000 million embedded

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Real-Time Systems

Embedded and Real-Time

Synonymous?

Most embedded

systems are real-time

Most real-time

systems are embedded

embedded embedded real real-

• time

time embedded embedded real real-

• time

time Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Embedded Systems

Single purpose products

Not general purpose like desktop PCs Do one thing very efficiently

Computer architecture

Tailor for a particular application niche System applications known

Can select ”optimal” device

Specialization & workload knowledge!

SLIDE 2

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Embedded Systems

Software very important:

Gives character to product Used to differentiate inside a “platform” Can be changed late Many vendors use same HW Processor cheaper than special HW

Replace relays with small processor!

Dominates HW development cost

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Processors

4-bit:

Very simple & slow 1970s pocket calculators

8-bit:

Simple, slow, low-power Immensely popular (4 G/year) Early 1980s

home computers Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Processors

16-bit

More power than 8-bit Mid-1980s home

computers

Very popular: 1.5G/year Threatened from the 32-bit processors

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Processors

32 & 64-bit

Old desktop & server chips New desktop & server chips Embedded-specific designs 30 to 3000 MHz About 1.5G units/year

Many more than PC & server market

ARM sells 1.2G units in 2004!

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Processors

DSP: Digital Signal Processor

Specialized for signal processing

Poor at general computing/control code Poor interrupt handling

High performance on DSP tasks

Low power, Low price

• compared to regular processors of same

capability Up to 1GHz clocks

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Where is the Money?

Processors:

50% of all

semiconductor revenue

Explains why everyone

wants to do processors

32-bit dominant

30% of total

semiconductors

PC processors:

50% of CPU revenue 15% of total

semiconductors

AMD and Intel share it

32-bit

16-bit 8-bit 4-bit DSP

32-bit

16-bit 8-bit 4-bit DSP

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Units Money

SLIDE 3

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Integration

A single chip:

CPU Core Integrated memory Integrated peripherals Integrated services

Goal:

System on one chip No external HW Fit application “perfectly”

CPU Core RAM (small) ROM (big)

UART A/D Timer LCD D

Outside World

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Devices: I/O

Interface with the world

Digital inputs & outputs

0/1 signals, like alarms & interrupts Drive high/low outputs

Analog inputs & outputs

Analog/Digital conversion Digital/Analog conversion Make signals digital, process, convert back

to analog signals

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Devices: Communication

Communications

Standard networks Ethernet, ATM, Sonet Built for speed Control networks CAN, Profibus, 1553 Built for predictability & efficiency Radio networks WLAN, Zigbee, Bluetooth, DECT, GSM, ... Serial ports USB, FireWire

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Devices: Timers

Timers

Trigger interrupts Keep track of real-world

Fuel injection & spark timing

Pulse-Width Modulation

Watchdogs

Time out if not tickled Watch that a system is alive

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Devices: Others

Graphics

LCD drivers Graphics acceleration Camera drivers Video & image codecs in hardware

Buses

On-chip between devices: AMBA, OcEAN, CoreConnect Off-chip: PCI, HyperTransport, RapidIO, i2c, DDR

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Trends

Software dominates development

Hardware used to dominate Software is now up to 85% of effort Even when product is “full custom” Especially in telecomm & datacomm

Hardware is “under control”

Increasing use of standard components Functionality moves to software

SLIDE 4

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Trends

Talk by Lars Philipsson, LTH, 2004

What is the future of electrical

engineering in Sweden?

Answer:

Software work

Software replacing logic design

Some analog design work

Circuit-board design, high-speed circuits

Measuring technology

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Trends

Non-stop miniaturization and

integration of computers

From one processor in a fridge To thousands of processors on a chip Steady trend over time

One chip = one system

Processors, memories, electronics

Can be 100s of processors

“SoC”: System-on-a-Chip

Examples

Some embedded systems from real life

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Smart Beer Glass

8-bit, 8-pin PIC processor 8-bit, 8-pin PIC processor Capacitive sensor for fluid level Capacitive sensor for fluid level Inductive coil for RF ID activation & power Inductive coil for RF ID activation & power Contactless transmission of power and readings Contactless transmission of power and readings

CPU and reading coil in the

• table. Reports the level of fluid in

the glass, alerts servers when close to empty

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Smart Beer Glass

Typical embedded solution Integrates several technologies:

Radio transmissions Sensor technology Magnetic inductance for power Computer used for calibration

Impossible without the computer Meaningless without the electronics

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Pedometer

Obvious computer work:

Count steps Keep time Averages etc.

Real computer task:

Sensor feels motion of

device, not of user feet

Identify when a step is

actually taken

8-bit processor, runs forever on a single battery 8-bit processor, runs forever on a single battery

SLIDE 5

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Smart Welding Machine

Electronics control voltage

& speed of wire feed

Adjusts to operator

kHz sample rate 1000s of decisions/second

Perfect weld even for

quite clumsy operators

Easier-to-use product, but

no obvious computer Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Sewing Machine

User interface

Embroidery patterns Touch-screen control

”Smart”

Sets pressure of foot

depending on task

Raise foot when stopped

New functions added by

upgrading the software Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Mobile Phones

Multiprocessor

8-bit/32-bit for UI DSP for signals 32-bit in IR port 32-bit in Bluetooth 100-200 MHz Not shared memory

8-100 MB of memory All custom chips Power consumption &

battery life depends

• n software

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Phones: TI OMAP 5910

Texas Instruments Integrated solution

for mobile phones

Used by Nokia,

Sony-Ericsson, etc.

Dual-core chip

ARM925T 150 Mhz TI C55 DSP 150 Mhz

Power 230 mW Price 32 USD Competition:

Motorola Infineon ARM shared devices ARM private devices System devices DSP shared devices DSP private devices

C55x DSP Core

24k I$ 64k data SRAM 96k instr SRAM

ARM925 CPU Core

16k I$ 8k D$ MMU

192k Shared SRAM Mem Ctrl 75 Mhz LCD Ctrl

USB 1.1 LCD controller MMC/SDcard intf Camera interface Keyboard interface Clock I2C 8 Serial ports 14 GPIO pins External memory

d e d e

Shared SRAM Sh d SRA RA Ctrl

DSP private

24k I$ t M str M

$ $

ARM shared devices ARM private devices P shared devices DSP private devices

C55x DSP Core

a tr

ARM925 CPU Core

192k AM Mem

USB 1 1 USB 1.1 USB 1 1 C55x C55x

• l

ller l DSP

DSP

ro

• LCD contr

r C55x C5 DSP DSP ard rd rd ca a MMC/SDc c DSP DSP Core Core i

dntf

ntf ntf

evice ice

te e Camera int Camera int Camera in Camera in Core nterface nterface nterface

ARM h

nterface d i i Keyboard Keyboard ARM925 M Clock ARM9 ARM9 I2C CP CP

• rts

ts ts po

• 8 Serial p

p Core Core 14 GPIO pins 14 GPIO 14 GPIO p PIO pins PIO pins 14 GP 14 GP

Mem M

nal memory n

192k 192k Sh d SRA RA

Extern n

Mem Mem Ctrl Ctrl

USB 1.1 USB 1.1 LCD controller LCD controller MMC/ MMC/SDcard SDcard intf intf Camera interface Camera interface Keyboard interface Keyboard interface Clock Clock I2C I2C 8 Serial ports 8 Serial ports 14 GPIO pins 14 GPIO pins External memory External memory

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Clock Speeds and Power

Clock and voltage related

Higher operating frequency

requires higher voltage

Use lower clock speeds

Reduce speed until app barely works

Use more processors

1/2 speed = 1/4 power 2 CPUs @ 100 Mhz = 1 CPU @ 200

Mhz, but requires half the power Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Low Clock = Low Power

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 400 600 800 1000 1200 Voltage (mV) Power (mW)

Samsung Halla

ARM 1020E core 6-stage pipeline (!) 0.13 um process Clock:

400 Mhz to 1.2 Ghz

(source: Microprocessor Report, Oct 16, 2002)

3x clock freq, 9x power! 3x clock freq, 9x power!

SLIDE 6

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Compact Code

ARM Thumb: fixed 16-bit size

Saves 28% compared to 32-bit ARM Runs 20% slower than 32-bit ARM

ARM Thumb 2: mixed 16/32

Saves 26% compared to 32-bit ARM Runs 2% slower than 32-bit ARM (Note that some new instructions are

introduced)

Conclusion: mixed length good!

Source: Microprocessor Report, June 2003

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

ARM1026EJ-S Pipeline

Fetch Issue Decode Shift/ALU Sat Write MAC1 MAC2 LS1 LS2 LS write

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Mobile Phone DSPs

Assume very regular workloads

Zero-overhead loop instructions

Register sets

Accumulators (often 40 bits) Data registers (often 16 bits) Address registers (16 to 32 bits)

Addressing modes

Index registers Post & preincrement Bit-reverse addressing Goal: more parallelizable work per instruction

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

DSP Instruction Sets

Example instructions from C55: ”Finite impulse response filter”

FIRSADD Xmem, Ymem, Cmem, ACx, ACy

Operation: ACy = ACy + (ACx * Cmem) ACx = (Xmem << #16) + (Ymem << #16)

”Conditional add or sub”

ADDSUBCC Smem, ACx, TCx, ACy

Operation: If TCx = 1, then ACy = ACx + (Smem << #16) If TCx = 0, then ACy = ACx - (Smem << #16) Cmem, Xmem, Ymem: memory accesses + address updating Cmem, Xmem, Ymem: memory accesses + address updating C55 DSP has three independent data buses, X, Y, and C C55 DSP has three independent data buses, X, Y, and C Special condition register Special condition register

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Mobile base station

Massive signal processing

Several processing tasks per

connected mobile phone

1000s of independent parallel

tasks = parallelizer’s dream!

Based on DSPs

Standard or custom 500-1000 MHz VLIW instruction sets 4/8 way wide 100s of processors Serious supercomputer!

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Telecom/Datacomm

Core Network Optical & copper

connections

Digital & analog

signals

Ethernet ATM Packet-over-Sonet SS7 POTS

SLIDE 7

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Telecomm/Datacomm

Rack-based systems

12-20 cards per shelf Many shelfs per rack 100s of CPUs

Compute cards:

Run control code 32-bit processors

Processing cards:

Signal processing DSP or 32-bit CPUs

Line cards:

Interface to network ASICs+32-bit CPUs Card Card Card Card Rack Backplane Control PPC FLASH PQ Processing DSP DSP Line PPC atm asic DSP DSP

Backplane:

ATM or Ethernet Redundant network Implemented by cards

in the rack

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Control vs Data

Control plane:

Decision-making “Integer applications” Call setup, services General-purpose processors

Data plane:

Move or process data Signal processing Media coding/decoding Floating/fixed point DSP & ASIC work

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

PowerQUICC III

Features

Serial Communications Controller (SCC) 4 Fast Communications Controller (FCC) 3 Multi-Channel Controller (MCC2) 2 Serial Management Controller (SMC) 2 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) 1 I2C controller 1 DDR Memory controller 1 PCI-X/PCI controller 1 RapidIO controller 1 Ethernet 10/100/1000 controller 2

Capabilities

Ethernet, 10 (from SCC) 4 Ethernet, 10/100 (from FCC) 3 Ethernet 10/100/1000 2 Utopia II ATM (from FCC) 2 Multichannel HDLC (from MCC2) 256

One on each card in

a telecomm rack

Data plane Backplane Very common Sold by Freescale

Processor

PowerPC e500 666-1000 Mhz 256 kB L2 cache

Networking

CPM module

9 Ethernet lines!

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Cisco Toaster3

8 clusters of 2 processors each 8 clusters of 2 processors each Each TMC is a VLIW machine with 74 bit instructions, 2k instructions in local memory Each TMC is a VLIW machine with 74 bit instructions, 2k instructions in local memory Total capacity: about 5 GOps, at 160 Mhz Total capacity: about 5 GOps, at 160 Mhz Two 32-bit ALUs and three control/data movement units per TMC Two 32-bit ALUs and three control/data movement units per TMC Image from Microprocessor Report, Oct 2002

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Cisco Toaster3

Massive

multiprocessing

16 cores on a chip 4 chips in serial Routing:

10 Gbps @ 20 Mpackets/s 1000 ops per packet

passing through

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Problem: Multicore

Telecomm & datacomm tradition:

Distributed multiprocessing No shared memory Software assumes single processor

Especially operating systems

Today: end-of-the-road

Future performance gains: CMP Everybody has to use shared memory

They need parallel programmers!

SLIDE 8

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Cars – Ultimate System

Multiple processors

Networked Up to 100

Multiple networks

Body, engine,

telematics, media, safety

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Cars

Functions by embedded processing:

ABS: Anti-lock braking systems ESP: Electronic stability control Airbags Efficient automatic gearboxes Theft prevention with smart keys Blind-angle alert systems ... etc ...

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Cars

Large diversity in processor types:

8-bit – door locks, lights, etc. 16-bit – most functions 32-bit – engine control, airbags

Form follows function

Processing where the action is Sensors and actuators distributed Massive distributed system

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Forestry Machines

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Forestry Machines

Networked computer system

Controlling arms & tools Navigating the forest Recording the trees harvested Crucial to efficient work

Computer

16-bit C167 processors in a CAN network

Tough environment

• 40°C at startup, +100°C when running

Network cables in bends – wireless useful!

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

C167CS

Devices

CAN 2.0b controllers 2 General-Purpose Timers (GPT) 5 Watch-Dog Timer (WDT) 1 Pulse-Width Modulator (PWM) 1 Analog-Digital Converter Channels 24+8 USART 1 Synchronous Serial Comms (SSC) 1 Fast General Internal RAM (IRAM) 3 kB Extension Internal RAM (XRAM) 8 kB Capture/Compare Channels 2x16

External Ports

CAN interfaces 2 8-bit ports from devices 8 16-bit ports from devices 1

Memory

ROM 32 kB

Infineon Target Market

Automotive control

Processing

16-bit C16x core 4-stage simple pipeline 40 Mhz operation 16 MB memory space,

including ROM, RAM, devices 144 pin package

Tolerates -40 to +125 C

About 25 USD

SLIDE 9

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Operator Panel

Embedded PC

Graphical display Touch panel Joystick Buttons Keyboard

Regular PC arch But tough enough

to be “out in the woods” Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Extremely Large

Functions requiring

computers:

Radar Weapons Damage control Navigation basically everything

Computers:

Large servers 1000s of

processors

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Inside your PC

Custom processors

Graphics, sound

32-bit processors

IR, Bluetooth Network, WLAN Harddisk RAID controllers

8-bit processors

USB Keyboard, mouse

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

If you want to play

Lego mindstorms

robotics kit

Standard controller 8-bit processor 64 kB of memory Electronics to

interface to motors and sensors

Good way to learn

embedded systems

Swedish Business Perspective

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Very very important

All advanced products contain

embedded systems today

Software is the key driver for new

functions & special characteristics

SLIDE 10

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

End-Product Companies

Core Swedish industry Very large companies Builds end-user

products

Ericsson ABB Volvo Volvo Cars Saab Scania SonyEricsson SKF Silva Huskvarna

Information Technology

Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se

Suppliers

Tool providers

IAR Systems Telelogic Nohau Virtutech Volcano Arcticus Enea

Solution providers

CC-Systems ConnectBlue

Component

companies

Xelerated Switchcore

Consultants

TietoEnator Teleca ÅF Saab Combitech + many many

more