[PDF] - Discharge Lamps Discharge Lamps were not there, the lamp would PDF Document

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Discharge Lamps Discharge Lamps

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Introductory Question Introductory Question

A fluorescent lamp tube is coated with a white

A fluorescent lamp tube is coated with a white powder on its inside surface. If that powder powder on its inside surface. If that powder were not there, the lamp would appear were not there, the lamp would appear

A. A.

brighter brighter

B. B.

dimmer dimmer

C. C.

about the same overall brightness, but with an about the same overall brightness, but with an unpleasantly bright white line near its center unpleasantly bright white line near its center

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Observations about Observations about Discharge Lamps Discharge Lamps

They often take a few moments to turn on

They often take a few moments to turn on

They come in a variety of colors, including white

They come in a variety of colors, including white

They are often whiter than incandescent bulbs

They last longer than incandescent bulbs

They sometimes hum loudly

They flicker before they fail completely

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4 Questions about 4 Questions about Discharge Lamps Discharge Lamps

Why phase out incandescent lamps?

How can colored lights mix so we see white?

How can white light be produced without heat?

How do gas discharge lamps produce their light?

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Question 1 Question 1

Why phase out incandescent lamps?

Why phase out incandescent lamps?

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Shortcomings of Thermal Light Shortcomings of Thermal Light

Incandescent lamps are reddish and inefficient

Filament temperature is too low, thus too red

The temperature of sunlight is 5800 K

The temperature of sunlight is 5800 K Th f i d l i 2700 K Th f i d l i 2700 K

The temperature of an incandescent lamp is 2700 K

An incandescent lamp

emits mostly invisible infrared light,

so less than 10% of its thermal power is visible light.

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Question 2 Question 2

How can colored lights mix so we see white?

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Seeing in Color Seeing in Color

We have three groups of light

We have three groups of light-

sensing cone cells

sensing cone cells

Their peak responses are to red, green, and blue light

Those are therefore the primary colors of light

Wh h i i i h l Wh h i i i h l

When the primaries mix, we see others colors

When the primaries mix evenly, we see white

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Question 3 Question 3

How can white light be produced without heat?

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Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps (Part 1)

(Part 1)

Fluorescent tubes

contain low density gas and metal electrodes,

which inject free electric charges into the gas

t f rm

pl m t f rm pl m f h r d p rti l f h r d p rti l

to form a plasma

to form a plasma— —a gas of charged particles a gas of charged particles

and electric fields cause current to flow in the plasma.

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Clicker Question Clicker Question

Both a gas and a plasma contain electric charges,

Both a gas and a plasma contain electric charges, so why can only a plasma conduct electric so why can only a plasma conduct electric current? current?

A.

A. Each gas particle has zero net charge.

Each gas particle has zero net charge.

B.

B. A gas has zero net charge.

A gas has zero net charge.

C.

C. A gas contains only negative charges.

A gas contains only negative charges.

D.

D. Gas particles aren’t mobile.

Gas particles aren’t mobile.

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Clicker Question Clicker Question

If electrons and atoms were both perfectly elastic

If electrons and atoms were both perfectly elastic balls, what would happen to the work done on balls, what would happen to the work done on the electrons by the lamp’s electric field? the electrons by the lamp’s electric field?

A.

A. It would become kinetic energy in the electrons.

It would become kinetic energy in the electrons.

B.

B. It would become kinetic energy in the atoms.

It would become kinetic energy in the atoms.

C.

C. It would be zero.

It would be zero.

D.

D. Collisions would turn it into thermal energy.

Collisions would turn it into thermal energy.

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Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps (Part 2)

(Part 2)

Collisions in the plasma cause

electronic excitation in the gas atoms

and occasionally ionize the gas atoms,

hi h h lp t

t in th pl m hi h h lp t t in th pl m

which helps to sustain the plasma.

Excited atoms emit light through fluorescence

Fluorescence is part of quantum physics

Fluorescence is part of quantum physics

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Quantum Physics of Atoms Quantum Physics of Atoms

In an atom,

the negative electrons “orbit” the positive nucleus

and form standing waves known as

and form standing waves known as orbitals

rbitals.

.

Each orbital can have at most two electrons in it

An electron in a specific orbital has a total energy,

that is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies.

An atom’s electrons

are normally in lowest energy

are normally in lowest energy orbitals

rbitals –

– the ground state the ground state

but can shift to higher energy

but can shift to higher energy orbitals

rbitals –

– excited states. excited states.

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Clicker Question Clicker Question

The “levels” in a solid and the “

The “levels” in a solid and the “orbitals

rbitals” in an

” in an atom are both electron standing waves. Why are atom are both electron standing waves. Why are they different? they different?

A.

A. Levels are much bigger than

Levels are much bigger than orbitals

rbitals.

.

B.

B. Levels exist in a diffusely positive environment,

Levels exist in a diffusely positive environment, while while orbitals

rbitals have a central positive nucleus.

have a central positive nucleus.

C.

C. Levels have all the energy of a solid, while

Levels have all the energy of a solid, while

rbitals
rbitals only have the energy of a single atom.
nly have the energy of a single atom.

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Atoms and Light Atoms and Light

Electron

Electron orbitals

rbitals are standing waves:

are standing waves:

they do not change with time

they involve no charge motion

th

d n t mit ( r b rb) li ht th d n t mit ( r b rb) li ht

they do not emit (or absorb) light.

While an electron is changing

While an electron is changing orbitals

rbitals,

,

there is charge motion and acceleration,

so the electron can emit (or absorb) light.

Such orbital changes are call

Such orbital changes are call radiative radiative transitions transitions

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Light from Atoms Light from Atoms

The wave/particle duality applies to light:

Light travels as a wave (diffuse rippling fields)

but is emitted or absorbed as a particle (a photon).

A ’ A ’ bi l bi l diff b ifi i diff b ifi i

An atom’s

An atom’s orbitals

rbitals differ by specific energies

differ by specific energies

These energy differences set the photon energies,

so an atom has a specific spectrum of photons.

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Photons, Energy, and Color Photons, Energy, and Color

Photon’s frequency is proportional to its energy

Photon’s frequency is proportional to its energy Photon energy = Planck constant · frequency Photon energy = Planck constant · frequency

and its

and its frequency · wavelength = speed of light frequency · wavelength = speed of light. .

Each photon emitted by an atom has

a specific energy,

a specific frequency,

a specific wavelength (in vacuum),

and a specific color when we see it with our eyes.

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Atomic Fluorescence Atomic Fluorescence

Excited atoms lose energy via

Excited atoms lose energy via radiative radiative transitions transitions

During a transition, electrons shift to lower

During a transition, electrons shift to lower orbitals

rbitals

Photon energy is the difference in orbital energies

Small energy differences

Small energy differences → infrared (IR) photons infrared (IR) photons

Small energy differences

Small energy differences → infrared (IR) photons infrared (IR) photons

Moderate energy differences

Moderate energy differences → red photons red photons

Big energy differences

Big energy differences → blue photons blue photons

Even bigger energy differences

Even bigger energy differences → ultraviolet (UV) photons ultraviolet (UV) photons

Each atom typically has a bright “resonance line”

Mercury’s resonance line is at 254 nm, in the UV

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Clicker Question Clicker Question

A neon sign glows red because the neon

A.

A. is red hot and its thermal radiation is red.

is red hot and its thermal radiation is red.

B.

B. emits white light that goes through a red filter.

emits white light that goes through a red filter.

C.

C. contains a red dye that glows red.

contains a red dye that glows red.

D.

D. atom’s structure produces a red resonance line.

atom’s structure produces a red resonance line.

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Clicker Questions Clicker Questions

Gas discharges involving a low

Gas discharges involving a low-

density gas of a

density gas of a single chemical element provide poor indoor single chemical element provide poor indoor illumination because illumination because

A.

A. they are strongly colored.

they are strongly colored.

B.

B. they are too dim.

they are too dim.

C.

C. they get too hot.

they get too hot.

D.

D. they are dazzlingly bright.

they are dazzlingly bright.

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Phosphors Phosphors

A mercury discharge emits mostly UV light

A phosphor can convert UV light to visible

by absorbing a UV photon

and emitting a less

and emitting a less-

energetic visible photon

energetic visible photon

and emitting a less

and emitting a less energetic visible photon. energetic visible photon.

The missing energy usually becomes thermal energy.

Fluorescent lamps

Fluorescent lamps use use white white-

emitting phosphors

emitting phosphors

They imitate thermal whites at 2700 K, 5800 K, etc.

Specialty lamps

Specialty lamps use use colored light colored light-

emitters

emitters

Blue, green, yellow, orange, red, violet, etc.

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Introductory Question Introductory Question (revisited)

(revisited)

A fluorescent lamp tube is coated with a white

A fluorescent lamp tube is coated with a white powder on its inside surface. If that powder powder on its inside surface. If that powder were not there, the lamp would appear were not there, the lamp would appear

A. A.

brighter brighter

B. B.

dimmer dimmer

C. C.

about the same overall brightness, but with an about the same overall brightness, but with an unpleasantly bright white line near its center unpleasantly bright white line near its center

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Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps (Part 3)

(Part 3)

Starting a discharge requires electrons in the gas

Those electrons can be injected into the gas by

heated filaments with special coatings

heated filaments with special coatings b hi h l b hi h l

r by high voltages
r by high voltages

Once discharge starts, it can sustain the plasma

Starting the discharge damages the electrodes

Atoms are sputtered off the electrodes

Damage limits the number of times a lamp can start

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Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps (Part 4)

(Part 4)

Gas discharges are electrically unstable

Gas is initially insulating

Once discharge is started, gas become a conductor

Th m r

rr nt it rri th b tt r it nd t Th m r rr nt it rri th b tt r it nd t

The more current it carries, the better it conducts

Current tends to skyrocket out of control

Stabilizing discharge requires ballast

Inductor ballast (old, 60 Hz, tend to hum)

Electronic ballast (new, high

Electronic ballast (new, high-

frequency, silent)

frequency, silent)

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Question 4 Question 4

How do gas discharge lamps produce their light?

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Low Low-

Pressure Discharge Lamps

Pressure Discharge Lamps

Mercury gas has its resonance line in the UV

Mercury gas has its resonance line in the UV

Low

Low-

pressure mercury lamps emit mostly UV light

pressure mercury lamps emit mostly UV light

Some gases have resonance lines in the visible

Low

Low-pressure sodium vapor discharge lamps pressure sodium vapor discharge lamps

emit sodium’s yellow

emit sodium’s yellow-

orange resonance light,
range resonance light,

so they are highly energy efficient

but extremely monochromatic and hard on the eyes.

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Clicker Question Clicker Question

Greatly increasing the density and pressure of

Greatly increasing the density and pressure of the gas in a discharge lamp will the gas in a discharge lamp will k h di h h d k h di h h d

A.

A. make the discharge harder to start.

make the discharge harder to start.

B.

B. result in collisions during

result in collisions during radiative radiative transitions. transitions.

C.

C. limit the emission of resonance photons.

limit the emission of resonance photons.

D.

D. All of the above.

All of the above.

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Pressure Broadening Pressure Broadening

High pressures broaden each spectral line

High pressures broaden each spectral line

Collisions occur during photon emissions,

so frequency and wavelength become smeared out.

C lli i n n r

hift th ph t n n r C lli i n n r hift th ph t n n r

Collision energy shifts the photon energy

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Radiation Trapping Radiation Trapping

Radiation trapping occurs at high atom densities

Atoms emit resonance radiation very efficiently

Atoms also absorb resonance radiation efficiently

R

n n r di ti n ph t n r tr pp d in th R n n r di ti n ph t n r tr pp d in th

Resonance radiation photons are trapped in the gas

Energy must escape discharge via other transitions

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High High-

Pressure Discharge Lamps

Pressure Discharge Lamps

At higher pressures, new spectral lines appear

High

High-

pressure sodium vapor discharge lamps

pressure sodium vapor discharge lamps

emit a richer spectrum of yellow

emit a richer spectrum of yellow-

orange colors,
range colors,

are still quite energy efficient

are still quite energy efficient,

but are less monochromatic and easier on the eyes.

High

High-

pressure mercury discharge lamps

pressure mercury discharge lamps

emit a rich, bluish

emit a rich, bluish-

white spectrum,

white spectrum,

with good energy efficiency.

Adding metal

Adding metal-

halides adds red to improve whiteness.

halides adds red to improve whiteness.

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Summary about Summary about Discharge Lamps Discharge Lamps

Thermal light sources are energy inefficient

Discharge lamps produce more light, less heat

They carefully assemble their visible spectra

They use atomic fluorescence to create light

Some include phosphors to alter colors