Disc lo sure o f F ina nc ia l I nte re st F unde d b y the - - PDF document

L ung Dise a se , Mine rs, a nd Mining Communitie s, a Globa l Popula tion a t Risk

Unive rsity of California, San F ranc isc o – Division of OE M Marc h 14, 2019

Robe rt Cohe n, MD, F CCP Clinic a l Pro fe sso r - E OHS, Unive rsity o f Illino is Sc ho o l o f Pub lic He a lth Chic a g o , Illino is Pro fe sso r o f Me dic ine No rthwe ste rn Unive rsity F e inb e rg Sc ho o l o f Me dic ine

Ae ria l vie w o f Bruma dinho , Bra zil 1/ 25/ 19

Disc lo sure o f F ina nc ia l I nte re st

 F unde d b y the Alpha F

• unda tio n fo r the I

mpro ve me nt

• f Mine Sa fe ty a nd He a lth

 F unde d b y HHS/ HRSA/ ORHP/ BL CP & BL CE  E mplo ye e o f NI OSH/ RHD  F unde d b y USDOL / OWCP & MSHA  F unde d b y Que e nsla nd Go ve rnme nt, Austra lia  Pro vide I ME ’ s fo r Oc c upa tio na l L ung Dise a se

Go a ls fo r T

• da y’ s T

a lk

 Disc uss e xa mple s o f mining re la te d lung dise a se in g lo b a l po pula tio ns  De sc rib e risks to c o mmunitie s fro m mining re la te d a c tivitie s

 Surfa c e Mining  Unde rg ro und Mining  Mine Ma te ria ls Pro c e ssing

 Give e xa mple s o f mining re la te d disa ste rs tha t a ffe c t wo rke rs, the ir fa milie s, a nd the ir c o mmunitie s

Co a l’ s De a dly Dust – F ro ntline / PBS/ NPR 1/ 22/ 19

Ra pidly Pro g re ssive CWP b y Co unty

* Results from NIOSH Coal Workers’ Health Surveillance Program, 1996-2002 Not shown are counties with fewer than 5 miners evaluated

0% 4.5 - 20.0% 22.2 - 40.0% 41.7 - 60% 61.5 - 80%

WV OH KY VA PA

Re sults

 Risk fa c to rs  Sma lle r mine > la rg e r mine  L

• ng e r te nure in jo b s a t fa c e

 Yo ung e r > o lde r  I

mplic a ting re c e nt mining c o nd itio ns

 Othe r fa c to rs  Mining te c hniq ue  Appro a c he s to dust c o ntro l  E

nfo rc e me nt o f PE L

NIOSH CWHSP – Surveillance of Active Miners

• Pa rtic ipa ting me d ic a l fa c ilitie s
• NIOSH mo b ile o utre a c h
• Sc re e ning c he st ra d io g ra phs re c e ive d

in F Y-2017  7423 ra d io g ra phs re c e ive d 3110 und e rg ro und mine rs 2383 fro m surfa c e mine rs 1930 fro m c o ntra c to rs  2812/ 7423 fro m mo b ile o utre a c h unit

• Sc re e ning lung func tio n with spiro me try

c urre ntly b e ing imple me nte d a s pa rt o f te sting o ffe re d b y CWHSP

Year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Prevalence (%) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 25+ 20-24 15-19 10-14 0-9 Mining Tenure

Radiographic Findings of Pneumoconiosis in CWHSP Participants (5‐year moving average)

Year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Prevalence (%) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 25+ 20-24 15-19 10-14 0-9 Mining Tenure

Radiographic Findings of Pneumoconiosis in CWHSP Participants from KY, VA, and WV (5‐year moving average)

Year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Prevalence (%) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 25+ 20-24 15-19 10-14 0-9

Mining Tenure

Radiographic Findings of Pneumoconiosis in CWHSP Participants Other Than From KY, VA, WV (5‐year moving average)

Pre vale nc e of progre ssive massive fibrosis (PMF ) among working unde rground c oal mine rs with at le ast 25 ye ars

• f unde rground mining te nure in KY, VA, and WV

Bla c kle y DJ, Ha lldin CN, L a ne y AS. R e sur ge nce of a de bilitating and e ntir e ly pr e ve ntable r e spir ator y dise ase among wor king coal mine r s. Am J Re spirCrit Care Me d. 2014;190(6):708-709. do i:10.1164/ rc c m.20 1407-1286L E .

 1/ 1/ 15–8/ 17/ 16, a to ta l o f 60 pa tie nts with PMF  49 ha d the ir ra dio g ra ph ta ke n during 2016.  Hig h pro po rtio n o f mine rs with ve ry a dva nc e d dise a se :  52% c a te g o ry A  38% c a te g o ry B  10% c a te g o ry C  Surve illa nc e da ta ha ve indic a te d a re surg e nc e o f PMF in re c e nt ye a rs, b ut the c a se s de sc rib e d in this re po rt re pre se nt a la rg e c luste r no t disc o ve re d thro ug h ro utine surve illa nc e . Che st ra dio g ra ph ima g e ta ke n in 2016 o f a 56-ye a r-o ld ma le e a ste rn K e ntuc ky re side nt with 29 ye a rs o f to ta l mining te nure (inc luding 11 ye a rs a s a ro o f b o lte r). Ca te g o ry C PMF , Pro fusio n q / q 3/ 2

416 Ca se of PMF from 3 Clinic s in VA

Blackley et. al. JAMA 319:5 p. 500-501  T he pre va le nc e o f PMF a mo ng fo rme r mine rs is le ss we ll unde rsto o d .  Da ta ta ke n fro m the U.S. De pa rtme nt o f L a b o r Offic e o f Wo rke rs Co mpe nsa tio n Administra tive Da ta Se t  Use d DOL

de te rmina tio n c la ssific a tio n o f PMF a nd to ta l disa b ility

 T his study is the first to re po rt tre nds in the pro po rtio n o f Bla c k L ung c la ima nts with PMF using da ta fro m the F e de ra l Bla c k L ung Pro g ra m.  T he se da ta a re inde pe nde nt o f na tio na l surve illa nc e da ta a nd he lp us furthe r unde rsta nd the b urde n o f PMF a mo ng fo rme r U.S. c o a l mine rs.

Re sults

 E va lua te d 341,176 c la ims b e twe e n 1970–2016  PMF % o f c la ims inc re a se d fro m 1970–2016  PMF % o f c la ims a c c e le ra te d sinc e 1996.

 2,474 c a se s o f PMF ide ntifie d fro m 1996–2016  T his is mo re tha n 10 time s the numb e r ide ntifie d CWHSP (n=225).

 Inc re a se in PMF

• c c urre d a s wo rkfo rc e d e c line d a nd c la im ra te

re ma ine d sta b le .  PMF c a se s g re a te st fro m K e ntuc ky, Virg inia , a nd We st Virg inia .

F ig ure 1. Numb e r o f mine rs with PMF c o mp a re d to a ve ra g e a nnua l c o a l mine e mplo yme nt, 1970–

• 2016. T

he numb e ro f c la ima nts with PMF fro m 1970–1972 a re c o mb ine d d ue to sma ll numb e rs. Offic e wo rke rs a re inc lud e d in e mplo yme nt to ta ls fro m 1973–1977. Da ta so urc e s: U .S. DOL , OWCP, DCMWC; U .S. DOL , MSHA; a nd the E I A. 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Average Number of Coal Mine Employees Number of Claimants with PMF Year

Ge o g ra phic Distrib utio n o f PMF Ca se s

PMF c a se s fo und in re tire d mine rs who ne ve r pa rtic ipa te d in NIOSH CWHSP.

 Why do n’ t mine rs pa rtic ipa te ?  Ho le s in the so c ia l sa fe ty ne t:  1985 – 2005, e mplo yme nt in the Appa la c hia c o a l mining industry de c line d b y 56% due to

 Co st o f c o a l re la tive to o il a nd na tura l g a s  Inc re a se d me c ha niza tio n  Shift to c o ntra c t la b o r

 F e a r o f jo b lo ss  F e a r o f dise a se a nd a sso c ia te d disa b ility  Mistrust o f g o ve rnme nt

Re yno ld s L , Ha lldin CN, L a ne y AS, Bla c kle y DJ. Co a l mine r pa rtic ipa tio n in a jo b tra nsfe r pro g ra m de sig ne d to p re ve nt p ro g re ssio n o f p ne umo c o nio sis, U nite d Sta te s, 1986–2016. Ar c h E nvir

• n Oc c up

He alth. No ve mb e r 2017

Pa rt 90 Optio n

Miner participates in CWHSP

Miner notified

• f radiographic

findings consistent with

CWP

Miner can exercise Part 90

• ption through

MSHA

Pa rt 90 Optio n Pro g ra m Da ta

NIOSH

CWHSP E

lig ible Pa r t 90

• ption mine rs

MSHA

Mine rs who

e xe rc ise d the ir Pa rt 90 option

E xe rc ising the Pa rt 90 Optio n

14% o f e lig ib le mine rs e xe rc ise d the ir Pa rt 90 rig ht in the la st 30 ye a rs Me dia n da ys to e xe rc ise Pa rt 90 o ptio n wa s 63 da ys (ra ng e 0 – 10831 da ys) Mine rs who e xe rc ise d the ir o ptio n mo re q uic kly we re o ld e r a nd ha d lo ng e r mining te nure s

E xe rc ising the Pa rt 90 Optio n

Mine rs wo rking in c e ntra l Appa la c hia we re le ss like ly to e xe rc ise Pa rt 90 c o mpa re d to tho se in

• the r sta te s

Mine rs fro m Virg inia a nd K e ntuc ky we re le a st like ly to e xe rc ise the ir o ptio n, a t 8.9 % a nd 9.8% Mine rs fro m Uta h a nd Co lo ra do we re mo st like ly to e xe rc ise the ir o ptio n, a t 32.8% a nd 30.2%

Mining Disasters

Mining Re la te d Disa ste rs

E

xplo sio ns

I

nunda tio ns

Ro o f F

a lls – Mine Co lla pse

F

ire s

I nunda tio ns – Que c re e k, So me rse t, PA July 24-28, 2002

9 Mine rs tra ppe d fo r 77 ho urs Re sc ue ho le wa s d rille d Ca psule lo we re d a nd a ll we re sa ve d

SAGO MINE E XPL OSION

JANUARY 2, 2006 MSHA I.D. No. 46- 08791 INT E RNAT IONAL COAL GROUP SAGO MINE DRIFT OPENI NG

Sa g o Mine E xplo sio n a nd F ire 12 Mine rs die d

a nd one se ve re ly injure d in the e xplosion

• c c urre d a t

a pproxima te ly 6:26 AM on Ja nua ry 2, 2006.

5/22/2006 Darby Mine, Kentucky 5 Miners died in methane mine explosion 5/22/2006 Darby Mine, Kentucky 5 Miners died in methane mine explosion

Aracoma Alma Mine # 1 Conveyer Belt Fire – 2 Deaths Logan County, WVA

Cra nda ll Ca nyo n Mine Uta h

Aug ust 6, 2007 a nd Aug ust 16, 2007 Ro o f F a ll During Re tre a t Mining 3 Re sc ue rs die d in sub se q ue nt b ump e ve nt

Upper Big Branch Mine - April 5, 2010

Uppe r Big Bra nc h, April 5, 2010

 Fire and Explosion Killed 29 Miners  Analysis of the pattern of injuries from the Upper Big Branch Disaster showed 10 deaths from CO  The remainder primarily due to blast and thermal injuries  A systematic pathologic review suggests a continuing high proportion had pneumoconiosis 86%  Settlement of law suit resulting from the disaster resulted in the formation of the Alpha Foundation which is funding part of our work

Co piapó mining ac c ide nt – Chile 2010 33 Me n trappe d fo r 69 days – ro o f fall T he Ca se o f the Ca na ne a Co ppe r Mine – So no ro Me xic o

Ca na ne a Co ppe r Mine

Me xic o ’ s L a rg e st Ope n Pit Mine Ope ne d in 1899 Ope n pit mining te c hniq ue s – d rilling a nd b la sting Ore g re a te r tha n 0.34% c o ppe r is the n g ro und to po wd e r Ag ita te d with wa te r a nd re a g e nts

Ca na ne a Co ppe r Mine

 Se nt to flo ta tio n c e lls  Air pumpe d in c a using it to fro th a nd c o ppe r mine ra l flo a ts  Co ppe r the n c o nc e ntra te s with a ve ra g e o f 26.6% c o ppe r a nd se nt to sme lte r fo r pro c e ssing  Ore b e twe e n 0.15% a nd 0.34% is se nt to le a c hing fa c ility whe re sulfuric a c id is po ure d o nto ma te ria l in a le a c hing pro c e dure so lve nt e xtra c tio n with e le c tro winning

Ca na ne a Co ppe r Mine

Wo rke rs struc k in 2007 o ve r wo rking c o nd itio ns, he a lth, a nd c o ntro l o f the unio n Site o f 1906 Strike tha t fue le d the Me xic a n re vo lutio n a g a inst the n Pre sd ie nt Po rfirio Dia z. Me xic a n a rmy to o k b a c k the site in 2010.

Strike Suppo rt Ra lly

Me xic a n Mine rs Unio n Na tio na l F

• rum

Ca na ne a Unio n Ha ll F e b rua ry 2, 2008 Strike wa s c rushe d b y F e de ra l Go ve rnme nt fo rc e s in 2010

Mining Re la te d E nviro nme nta l Disa ste rs

Da m F a ilure s F re sh Wa te r Co nta mina tio n with he a vy me ta ls, c he mic a ls Air Po llutio n – d ust, d ie se l e xha ust pa rtic ula te Sub side nc e

Ca na ne a Co ppe r Mine – E nviro nme nta l Disa ste r – 8/ 6/ 14

Ma ssive spill o f c o ppe r sulfa te 40,000 m3 le a ke d into trib uta ry o f So no ra rive r a nd Sa n Pe dro Rive r

Ca na ne a c o ppe r mine spill Aug ust 6, 2014

Po llute d Arro yo L a s T ina ja s (17.6 km) Ba c a nuc hi Rive r (64 km) T he ma in stre a m o f the So no ra Rive r (190 km) Affe c te d se ve n munic ipa litie s inha b ite d b y 20,048 pe o ple . T he po llutio n le d the g o ve rnme nt to c lo se 322 we lls, le a ving lo c a l c o mmunitie s witho ut wa te r fo r do me stic a nd fa rming use s.

Mine rs a nd fa rme rs unite to pro te st Grupo Me xic o ’ s Ha ndling o f Spill 3/ 27/ 15

Cha rle sto n We st Virg inia – E lk Rive r K a na wa h Rive r Co nta mina tio n 1/ 9/ 2014

Sto ra g e T a nks o f 4-me thylc yc lo he xa ne me tha no l (MCHM) – c o a l flo c ule nt rupture d a nd spille d into K a na wa h Rive r 7,500 g a llo ns le a ke d Also c o nta mina te d with g lyc o l e the rs (PPH)

K a na wa h Rive r Co nta mina tio n Cha rle sto n, WV

T he c he mic a l sme lle d like lic o ric e in the pa rts pe r b illio n c o nc e ntra tio n so it wa s d e te c te d b y the po pula tio n. Se pe ra te s fo ssil fue l fro m dirt a nd ro c k Use d in c o a l pre p pla nts Affe c te d 300,000 We st Virg inia ns Ha d b e e n c la ssifie d a s no n-ha za rd o us c he mic a l a nd the re fo re no t re g ula te d

Re te ntio n Da m F a ilure s Bruma dinho , Bra zil 1/ 25/ 19 Bruma dinho – I ro n Ore Mine – Mina s Ge ra is, Bra zil

K ille d 186 with 122 still missing Owne d b y BHP/ Va le Mining Co rpo ra tio n Prio r Da m F a ilure in 2015 Pro se c uto rs re mo ve d to p 3 e xe c utive s Ma rc h 3, 2019

Re te ntio n Da m F a ilure s

Da m/ inc ide nt

L

• c a tion

F a ta litie s De ta ils

Mina Pla ka lnitsa 5/ 1/ 1966 Vra tsa , Bulg a ria

107

A ta iling s d a m a t c o ppe r mine ne a r the c ity o f Vra tsa fa ile d . A to ta l 450,000 c u m o f mud a nd wa te r inund a te d Vra tsa a nd the ne a rb y villa g e o f Zg o rig ra d , whic h suffe re d wid e spre a d d a ma g e . T he o ffic ia l d e a th to ll is 107, b ut the uno ffic ia l e stima te is a ro und 500 kille d . Ce r te j da m fa ilur e

10/30/1971 Ce rte j Mine , Ro ma nia

89

A ta iling s d a m b uilt to o ta ll c o lla pse d , flo o d ing Ce rte ju d e Sus with to xic ta iling s. Buffa lo Cr e e k F lood

2/26/1972 We st Virg inia , Unite d Sta te s

125

U nsta b le lo o se c o nstruc te d d a m c re a te d b y lo c a l c o a l mining c o mp a ny, c o lla pse d in he a vy ra in. 1,121 injure d , 507 ho use s d e stro ye d , o ve r 4,000 le ft ho me le ss. Ma r tin County c oa l slur r y spill

10/11/2000 Ma rtin Co unty, Unite d Sta te s

F a ilure o f a c o a l slurry impo und me nt. T he wa te r supply fo r o ve r 27,000 re sid e nts wa s c o nta mina te d . One o f the wo rst e nviro nme nta l d isa ste rs e ve r in the so uthe a ste rn U nite d Sta te s. Ajka a lumina pla nt a c c ide nt

10/4/2010 Ajka , Hung a ry

10

F a ilure o f c o nc re te impo und wa ll o n a lumina pla nt ta iling s d a m. One millio n c ub ic me te rs o f re d ;mud c o nta mina te d a la rg e a re a , within d a ys the mud ha d re a c he d the Da numb e rive r. Ma r ia na da m disa ste r

11/5/2015 Ma ria na , Mina s Ge ra is, Bra zil

19

T a iling s d a m c o lla pse d . One villa g e d e stro ye d , 600 pe o ple e va c ua te d . 60 millio n c ub ic me te rs o f iro n wa ste slurry po llute d Do c e Rive r, a nd the ne a r the rive r's mo uth. Br uma dinho da m disa ste r

1/25/2019 Bruma d inho , Mina s Ge ra is, Bra zil

142

T a iling s d a m suffe re d a c a ta stro phic fa ilure re le a sing 12 millio n c ub ic me te rs o f ta iling s slurry. 248 pe o ple missing .

T a iling s Da m Co lla pse s

Risks a ssoc ia te d with mining to wor ke r s a nd the ir c ommunitie s inc lude a ll of the following e xc e pt:

• A. Inunda tio ns/ Da m F

a ilure

• B. Infe c tio ns suc h a s HIV AI

DS a nd T ub e rc ulo sis

• C. X-ra y e xpo sure
• D. E

xc e ss no n-ma lig na nt re spira to ry dise a se E . Air a nd wa te r po llutio n

All o f the fo llo wing mining re la te d c o nta mina nts ha ve b e e n a sso c ia te d with lung c a nc e r

• A. Ra do n
• B. Silic a

C.L e a d D.Die se l E xha ust

Rura l c o mmunitie s ha ve suffe re d ma jo r a dve rse he a lth e ffe c ts re la te d to mining inc luding a ll o f the fo llo wing e xc e pt:

A.Sub side nc e

• B. Air po llutio n

C.Wa te r Po llutio n D.Re te ntio n Da m F a ilure s E . He a vy me ta l to xic ity