Digital Medicine I Introduction to the Course Hans-Joachim - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Departement Informatik

Digital Medicine I

Introduction to the Course

Hans-Joachim Böckenhauer Dennis Komm

Autumn 2020 – October 1, 2020

Welcome to the Course

Material

Lecture website

https://courses.ite.inf.ethz.ch/digiMed20

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The Team

Lecturers Hans-Joachim Böckenhauer Dennis Komm Assistants Imant Daunhawer Fabian Frei Lea Fritschi Sarah Kamp Safira Piasko

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Appointments

Lecture Thursday, 8:15 – 10:00, HG F 3 Exercises Tuesday, 10:15 – 11:45, CHN F 46 Thursday, 10:15 – 12:00, HG F 3 Exam Thursday, 10.12.2020

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Goal of Today’s Lecture

General information about the lecture The projects, using [code]expert and PELE Introduction to computers and algorithms The first Python program

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Introduction to the Course

Computers and Algorithms

Computer – Concept

What does a computer have to be able to do to compute? Does it have to be able to multiply? Isn’t it sufficient to be able to add?

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Computer – Concept

What does a computer have to be able to do to compute? Does it have to be able to multiply? Isn’t it sufficient to be able to add? Turing Machine [Alan Turing, 1936] Finite number of states Memory consisting of arbitrarily many cells Pointer to current cell Pointer can change cell’s content and move left or right

Alan Turing [Wikimedia] Digital Medicine I – Introduction to the Course Autumn 2020 Böckenhauer, Komm 5 / 38

Computer – Implementation

Analytical Engine – Charles Babbage (1837) Z1 – Konrad Zuse (1938) ENIAC – John von Neumann (1945)

Charles Babbage [Wikimedia] Konrad Zuse [Wikimedia] John von Neumann [Wikimedia] Digital Medicine I – Introduction to the Course Autumn 2020 Böckenhauer, Komm 6 / 38

Algorithm: Central Notion of Computer Science

Algorithm Method for step-by-step solution of a problem

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Algorithm: Central Notion of Computer Science

Algorithm Method for step-by-step solution of a problem Execution does not require intellect, only accuracy

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Algorithm: Central Notion of Computer Science

Algorithm Method for step-by-step solution of a problem Execution does not require intellect, only accuracy after Muhammad al-Chwarizmi; author of a arabic math book (around 825)

"‘Dixit algorizmi. . . "’ Latin translation [Wikimedia] Digital Medicine I – Introduction to the Course Autumn 2020 Böckenhauer, Komm 7 / 38

“The Oldest (Known) Non-Trivial Algorithm”

Euclid’s Algorithm

from Euclid’s Elements, 300 BC

Input: integers a > 0, b > 0 Output: gcd of a and b

Input: a and b while b = 0 if a > b then a = a − b else b = b − a Output: a

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“The Oldest (Known) Non-Trivial Algorithm”

Euclid’s Algorithm

from Euclid’s Elements, 300 BC

Input: integers a > 0, b > 0 Output: gcd of a and b

Input: a and b while b = 0 if a > b then a = a − b else b = b − a Output: a

a b

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“The Oldest (Known) Non-Trivial Algorithm”

Euclid’s Algorithm

from Euclid’s Elements, 300 BC

Input: integers a > 0, b > 0 Output: gcd of a and b

Input: a and b while b = 0 if a > b then a = a − b else b = b − a Output: a

a b a b

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“The Oldest (Known) Non-Trivial Algorithm”

Euclid’s Algorithm

from Euclid’s Elements, 300 BC

Input: integers a > 0, b > 0 Output: gcd of a and b

Input: a and b while b = 0 if a > b then a = a − b else b = b − a Output: a

a b a b a b

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“The Oldest (Known) Non-Trivial Algorithm”

Euclid’s Algorithm

from Euclid’s Elements, 300 BC

Input: integers a > 0, b > 0 Output: gcd of a and b

Input: a and b while b = 0 if a > b then a = a − b else b = b − a Output: a

a b a b a b a b

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“The Oldest (Known) Non-Trivial Algorithm”

Euclid’s Algorithm

from Euclid’s Elements, 300 BC

Input: integers a > 0, b > 0 Output: gcd of a and b

Input: a and b while b != 0: if a > b: a = a − b else: b = b − a Output: a

a b a b a b a b

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Introduction to the Course

Goals

• 1. Computer Science in the Natural Sciences

problem from praxis solution to problem from practice

?

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• 1. Computer Science in the Natural Sciences

problem from praxis computer science problem solution to comp. science problem solution to problem from practice

ACTGCATGGC A C G C T A A G C A C T G C A T G G C C A A ACGCTAAGCACTGCATGGCCAA

modeling interpretation

?

algorithmics, concepts of programming

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• 1. Computer Science in the Natural Sciences

problem from praxis computer science problem solution to comp. science problem solution to problem from practice

ACTGCATGGC A C G C T A A G C A C T G C A T G G C C A A ACGCTAAGCACTGCATGGCCAA

modeling interpretation

c

• m

m u n i c a t i

• n

b e t w e e n p r a c t i c e a n d c

• m

p . s c i e n c e

?

algorithmics, concepts of programming

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• 1. Computer Science in the Natural Sciences

problem from praxis computer science problem solution to comp. science problem solution to problem from practice

ACTGCATGGC A C G C T A A G C A C T G C A T G G C C A A ACGCTAAGCACTGCATGGCCAA

modeling interpretation

c

• m

m u n i c a t i

• n

b e t w e e n p r a c t i c e a n d c

• m

p . s c i e n c e n e e d s b a s i c k n

• w

l e d g e

?

algorithmics, concepts of programming

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• 2. Computational Thinking

Systematic solving of given problems This implies creativity, abstraction skills etc. Formulation of solution as algorithm Solution can be “understood” by a computer

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• 2. Computational Thinking

Seymour Papert Erfinder der Programmiersprache Logo Schüler von Jean Piaget Professor am MIT Erste Erwähnung des Begriffs

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• 2. Computational Thinking

Seymour Papert Erfinder der Programmiersprache Logo Schüler von Jean Piaget Professor am MIT Erste Erwähnung des Begriffs

"‘My central focus is not on the machine but on the mind. "’

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• 2. Computational Thinking

Jeannette Wing Professorin an der Columbia University Popularisierung des Begriffs

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• 2. Computational Thinking

Jeannette Wing Professorin an der Columbia University Popularisierung des Begriffs "‘Computational thinking is a way humans solve problems; it is not trying to get humans to think like computers. Computers are dull and boring; humans are clever and imaginative. We humans make computers exciting. "’

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• 3. Algorithms Design Techniques

Most practically relevant problems have easy solutions

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• 3. Algorithms Design Techniques

Most practically relevant problems have easy solutions Easy to implement Are based on trying out possibly many possibilities (“solution candidates”) This means impractically large time to spend

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• 3. Algorithms Design Techniques

Most practically relevant problems have easy solutions Easy to implement Are based on trying out possibly many possibilities (“solution candidates”) This means impractically large time to spend Many problem allow for “faster” solutions

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• 3. Algorithms Design Techniques

Most practically relevant problems have easy solutions Easy to implement Are based on trying out possibly many possibilities (“solution candidates”) This means impractically large time to spend Many problem allow for “faster” solutions Needs a little more skill Different techniques: greedy algorithms, divide and conquer, dynamic programming etc.

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Introduction to the Course

Projects

Projects

During the semester, you work on a few small projects

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Projects

During the semester, you work on a few small projects The project tasks will be published via [code]expert

https://expert.ethz.ch

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Projects

During the semester, you work on a few small projects The project tasks will be published via [code]expert

https://expert.ethz.ch

You work on the tasks on your own The exercise hours are meant for answering your questions Presentation of the solutions via the PELE system

https://pele.ethz.ch

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Projects

The projects will be presented in the exercise hours

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Projects

The projects will be presented in the exercise hours Presentation and discussion with assistants via Zoom Teams of 2 students each Grading by assistants, feedback by students

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Projects

The projects will be presented in the exercise hours Presentation and discussion with assistants via Zoom Teams of 2 students each Grading by assistants, feedback by students Presentation is mandatory but without effect on the grade

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Projects

The projects will be presented in the exercise hours Presentation and discussion with assistants via Zoom Teams of 2 students each Grading by assistants, feedback by students Presentation is mandatory but without effect on the grade [code]expert allows you to test your solution before handing it in

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Python Tutorial

Easy introduction to Python, no previous knowledge necessary Time needed: roughly two hours

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Python Tutorial

Easy introduction to Python, no previous knowledge necessary Time needed: roughly two hours Tutorial website

https://et.lecturers.inf.ethz.ch/subscriber/course/ 5TLRsNXvLcMaw229P

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Introduction to Python

Programming Tools

Editor: Program to modify, edit and store Python program texts

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Programming Tools

Editor: Program to modify, edit and store Python program texts Compiler: Program to translate a program text into machine language (intermediate code, respectively)

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Programming Tools

Editor: Program to modify, edit and store Python program texts Compiler: Program to translate a program text into machine language (intermediate code, respectively) Computer: Machine to execute machine language programs

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Programming Tools

Editor: Program to modify, edit and store Python program texts Compiler: Program to translate a program text into machine language (intermediate code, respectively) Computer: Machine to execute machine language programs Operating System: Program to organize all procedures such as file handling, editing, compiling, and program execution

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English vs. Programming Language

English “Science is what we understand well enough to explain to a computer. Art is everything else we do. ”

DONALD KNUTH

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English vs. Programming Language

English “Science is what we understand well enough to explain to a computer. Art is everything else we do. ”

DONALD KNUTH

Python

# computation b = a * a # b = a**2 b = b * b # b = a**4

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Syntax and Semantics

Like our language, programs have to be formed according to certain rules

Syntax: Connection rules for elementary symbols (characters) Semantics: Interpretation rules for connected symbols

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Syntax and Semantics

Like our language, programs have to be formed according to certain rules

Syntax: Connection rules for elementary symbols (characters) Semantics: Interpretation rules for connected symbols

Corresponding rules for a computer program are simpler, but also more strict because computers are relatively stupid

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast.

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast.

Syntactically and semantically correct

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat.

Syntactically and semantically correct

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building Syntax error: word order

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is. I find inspiration in cooking my dog and my cat

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building Syntax error: word order

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is. I find inspiration in cooking, my dog, and my cat.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building Syntax error: word order Syntax error: missing punctuation marks

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is. I find inspiration in cooking my dog and my cat She is not tall and red-haired.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building Syntax error: word order Syntax error: missing punctuation marks

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is. I find inspiration in cooking my dog and my cat She is not tall and red-haired.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building Syntax error: word order Syntax error: missing punctuation marks Syntactically correct, but ambiguous [no analogon]

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is. I find inspiration in cooking my dog and my cat She is not tall and red-haired. I own an red car.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building Syntax error: word order Syntax error: missing punctuation marks Syntactically correct, but ambiguous [no analogon]

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is. I find inspiration in cooking my dog and my cat She is not tall and red-haired. I own an red car.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building Syntax error: word order Syntax error: missing punctuation marks Syntactically correct, but ambiguous [no analogon] Syntactically correct, but gramatically and semanti- cally wrong: wrong article [type error]

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is. I find inspiration in cooking my dog and my cat She is not tall and red-haired. I own an red car. The bike gallops fast.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building Syntax error: word order Syntax error: missing punctuation marks Syntactically correct, but ambiguous [no analogon] Syntactically correct, but gramatically and semanti- cally wrong: wrong article [type error]

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is. I find inspiration in cooking my dog and my cat She is not tall and red-haired. I own an red car. The bike gallops fast.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building Syntax error: word order Syntax error: missing punctuation marks Syntactically correct, but ambiguous [no analogon] Syntactically correct, but gramatically and semanti- cally wrong: wrong article [type error] Syntactically and gramatically correct, but semanti- cally wrong [run-time error]

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is. I find inspiration in cooking my dog and my cat She is not tall and red-haired. I own an red car. The bike gallops fast. We saw her duck.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building Syntax error: word order Syntax error: missing punctuation marks Syntactically correct, but ambiguous [no analogon] Syntactically correct, but gramatically and semanti- cally wrong: wrong article [type error] Syntactically and gramatically correct, but semanti- cally wrong [run-time error]

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Kinds of Errors Illustrated with English Language

The car drove too fast. Thecar drove too fsat. Red the car is. I find inspiration in cooking my dog and my cat She is not tall and red-haired. I own an red car. The bike gallops fast. We saw her duck.

Syntactically and semantically correct Syntax error: word building Syntax error: word order Syntax error: missing punctuation marks Syntactically correct, but ambiguous [no analogon] Syntactically correct, but gramatically and semanti- cally wrong: wrong article [type error] Syntactically and gramatically correct, but semanti- cally wrong [run-time error] Syntactically and sematically correct, but ambiguous [no analogon]

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Introduction to Python

Used Software

Used Software

There are numerous Python development environments (IDEs) These contain an editor and several tools

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Used Software

There are numerous Python development environments (IDEs) These contain an editor and several tools We use [code]expert

https://expert.ethz.ch

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Used Software

There are numerous Python development environments (IDEs) These contain an editor and several tools We use [code]expert

https://expert.ethz.ch

Also recommended (offline): PyCharm Education

https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm-educational/download/

Download the Community Edition

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Introduction to Python

A First Python Program

A First Python Program

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x # y is the square of x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y # z is the square of y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x)

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Behavior of a Program

At compile time Program accepted by the compiler (syntactically correct) Compiler error

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Behavior of a Program

At compile time Program accepted by the compiler (syntactically correct) Compiler error During runtime correct result incorrect result program crashes program does not terminate (endless loop)

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Comments

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x # y is the square of x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y # z is the square of y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x)

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Comments

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x # y is the square of x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y # z is the square of y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x)

Comments

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Comments and Layout

Comments are contained in every good program document, what and how a program does something and how it should be used are ignored by the compiler Syntax: # until the line end

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Comments and Layout

Comments are contained in every good program document, what and how a program does something and how it should be used are ignored by the compiler Syntax: # until the line end Please note empty lines are ignored Python dictates indentations that reflect the program logic

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Introduction to Python

Statements

Statements

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x)

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Statements

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x) statements

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Statements

Statements are building blocks of a Python program are executed (sequentially) are given in one line

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Statements

Statements are building blocks of a Python program are executed (sequentially) are given in one line Any statement (potentially) provides an effect

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Statements – Values and Effects

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x)

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Statements – Values and Effects

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x)

Effect: Output of the string This is... Effect: Variable x is created and assigned value 20

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Introduction to Python

Variables

Fundamental Types

Variables represent (varying) values integers real numbers (float) strings . . .

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Fundamental Types

Variables represent (varying) values integers real numbers (float) strings . . . In contrast to, for example, Java or C, the type is not explicitly stated when a variable is declared (used for the first time)

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Introduction to Python

Expressions

Expressions

Expressions represent computations

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Expressions

Expressions represent computations are either primary (x)

• r composed (x * x)

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Expressions

Expressions represent computations are either primary (x)

• r composed (x * x)

. . . from different expressions by operators . . . and parentheses

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Expressions

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x )

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Expressions

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x ) Variable name, primary expression

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Expressions

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x ) Composite expression

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Expressions

represent computations are primary or composite (by other expressions and operations) Example a * a is composed of

variable name, operator symbol, variable name variable name: primary expression

can be put into parentheses

a * a can be written as (a * a)

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Introduction to Python

Operators and Operands

Operators and Operands

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x)

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Operators and Operands

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x) Left operand (variable) Right operand (expression)

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Operators and Operands

print("This is a Python program") x = 20 print("The value of x is", x) y = x*x print("The value of y is", y) z = y*y print("The value of z is", x*x*x*x) Assignment operator Multiplication operator

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Operators

Operators make expressions (operands) into new composed expressions have an arity Example (Multiplication) a * a Operand a, Operator * , Operand a

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Multiplication Operator *

Multiplication operator expects two R-values of the same type as operands (arity 2) “returns the product as value of the same type, ” that means formally: The composite expression is value of the product of the value of the two

• perands

Examples

a * a b * b

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Assignment Operator =

Assigns to the left operand the value of the right operand and returns the left

• perand

Examples

b = b * b a = b

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Assignment Operator =

Assigns to the left operand the value of the right operand and returns the left

• perand

Examples

b = b * b a = b

Attention The operator "‘="’ corresponds to the assignment operator of mathematics (:=), not to the comparison operator (=)

Digital Medicine I – Introduction to the Course Autumn 2020 Böckenhauer, Komm 36 / 38

Exercise – Celsius to Fahrenheit Calculator

Write a program that interprets a number (like, e. g., 31) as a temperature in degree Celsius

• utputs the same temperature in

degree Fahrenheit uses the formula fahrenheit = 9 · celsius

5 + 32

Digital Medicine I – Introduction to the Course Autumn 2020 Böckenhauer, Komm 37 / 38

Exercise – Celsius to Fahrenheit Calculator

celsius = 31 fahrenheit = 9 * celsius / 5 + 32 print(fahrenheit)

Digital Medicine I – Introduction to the Course Autumn 2020 Böckenhauer, Komm 38 / 38

Thanks for your attention