Different Users Need Different Views of Pa3ent Data
By Barbara J. Moore, MD barbara_moore@vmed.org and Molly Schaeffer, MS mhschaeffer@alum.mit.edu
DifferentUsersNeedDifferent ViewsofPa3entData By - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
DifferentUsersNeedDifferent ViewsofPa3entData By BarbaraJ.Moore,MD barbara_moore@vmed.org and MollySchaeffer,MS mhschaeffer@alum.mit.edu MockUps
By Barbara J. Moore, MD barbara_moore@vmed.org and Molly Schaeffer, MS mhschaeffer@alum.mit.edu
Clinician Views of EMR Data
The views submiKed for clinicians in this EMR design are focused on ambulatory visits and do not show all naviga3on elements, menus, etc. that would be required in such a system. The displays are intended to support primary care clinicians performing chronic disease management. The design targets web browsers as the form factor (not mobile). They are not designed for acute care visits, inpa3ent encounters, ICU encounters, acute rehabilita3on encounters, etc. In keeping with user‐centered design (i.e. each primary user has his/her own view of the data to match that user’s mental models and cogni3ve needs), the views support percep3on, cogni3on and situa3on awareness for the primary user, the clinician. Thus, the mockup views that follow only show what the physician or advanced prac3ce clinician would work with, not the views that other staff or the pa3ent would use. The display is data source agnos3c, accep3ng input from the Pa3ent Health Record, electronic ques3onnaires filled out by pa3ents in the office, data from outside facili3es, etc., in order to enable the clinician to manage the visit armed with necessary informa3on to understand the pa3ent’s status and to help the pa3ent make informed decisions. Because users are limited in the number of items they can keep in working memory and their cogni3ve processing is disrupted by designs that require them to interact with mul3ple screens while comple3ng a given task, the views that follow aKempt to enable the user to perform most of the visit’s work in one view. When required, the design uses modeless pop‐up windows to display addi3onal informa3on and tasks not available in the primary window and enables task comple3on in that pop‐up window, if the task can’t be completed in the primary window. The VA has successfully demonstrated this method of task comple3on. When EMRs use modal pop‐up windows, clinician workflow is forced to stop, because the work in the supplemental pop‐up window must be completed immediately, as the only other choice is for the clinician to permanently dismiss the window in order to con3nue to work. Modeless windows allow the task to be postponed un3l the clinician’s workflow is ready to handle it by minimizing that window un3l such 3me as the clinician is ready to do that work. Cues must be provided in the display to remind the user that minimized windows exist, before the visit is completed, given the hazards that hidden informa3on may be forgoKen. Narra3ve notes support clinician cogni3on when reviewing medical records and also help clinicians’ cogni3ve processing during visits. This design would translate the visit into a narra3ve note upon comple3on to enhance future review and also has areas for the user to include narra3ve input during the visit, regardless of user’s input device choice – speech, keyboard, etc. Providing various data in the context of the clinician’s work view, such as lab data and medica3ons, will help support the clinician’s comprehension of that pa3ent’s situa3on, while minimizing the cost to working memory and aiding cogni3on. Avoiding cluKer and waste in the display by focusing only on the necessary elements of any given lab test and then suppor3ng cogni3on by indica3ng whether the result is out of range (color and asterisk ‐ including superscript loca3on if above normal range and subscript loca3on if below normal to support red‐green color blind users), displaying arrows to indicate recent trends of data if more than one data point is available (increasing, decreasing, unchanged) and displaying sparkline graphs of data trends over 3me also will help enhance the clinician’s efficient understanding of the pa3ent. Providing real‐3me alerts and warnings at appropriate points in the clinician’s workflow embedded in the view improves clinician efficiency. For example, warning the clinician of a drug‐drug interac3on a]er the clinician completes inpu^ng the name of the drug being ordered, rather than wai3ng to present this informa3on to the clinician only a]er the clinician has completed all aspects of the order and aKempts to sign that order will save significant 3me. Warning the clinician that a drug may need dose adjustment based on recent lab results supports pa3ent safety. Drawing clinician aKen3on to possible interpreta3on of lab results and sugges3ng further evalua3on to consider within the work view, so that clinicians don’t need to go to the desktop or new browser window to seek help in decision‐making would also improve efficiency and safety. The underlined blue text represents hyperlinks. The black inverted triangles represent toggles to show/hide the panel below it. One op3on that would enable naviga3on around the EMR, but would also allow a glimpse at abbreviated lists, such as lab tests contained in the system, and would do so without requiring that the user leaving his work display to look at that sec3on is a panel that can be shown or hidden by toggling its control (in this example a buKon is used).
Current Level of Control : (Y) Not well Controlled
Item Result Interpreta3on Trend Day Symptoms >2 days/wk (Y) Not well controlled Night Awakenings >2/mo (Y) Not well controlled Ac3vity Limita3on None (G) Well controlled SABA use >2 days/wk (Y) Not well controlled FEV1/FVC Actual/LLN 89 / 78 (G) Well controlled FEV1 % predicted 102 % (G) Well controlled A.C.T. 18 (Y) Not well controlled Oral Steroids 0 (G) Well controlled Hospitaliza3ons / ICU/Intub . 0 / 0 / 0 ED/UC/Acute Office 0 / 0 / 0 School days missed 4 Gym missed ‐‐ Parent work missed 4 Pa3ent work missed ‐‐
Control & Trends:
Exercise symptoms Rare cough if smog/cold air/URI Pre‐Exercise Rx (% adher) Albuterol only if URI (33%) Non‐pharmacologic (% adher) Scarf in cold air; warm‐up exercises, avoid outdoors if air quality bad (25%)
Below is an example of the Control & Trend sec3on of an asthma chronic disease management encounter. In order to not disadvantage red‐green color blind clinician users, a leKer appears in parentheses to cue those users (corresponding to green zone, yellow zone or red zone for that item) Some data items would come from hospital facili3es, others would be gathered from the pa3ent and family in order to see them in the display. Sparkline graphs would include colored backgrounds indica3ng the data that places the pa3ent in the green zone, yellow zone or red zone of asthma control. The required data elements In a CCD are not sufficient to provide all necessary data to help clinicians be efficient and effec3ve.
Below is an example of an alterna3ve view for the clinician’s problem list that can be built as an interac3ve treeview. The user can drill into a given node to reveal further child nodes beyond or could get overview details at a given node, as in neuropathy below. This would aid in understanding co‐morbid condi3ons. This would be a supplemental way to view a problem list. See hKp://prefuse.org/gallery/treeview/ for basic treeview informa3on.
Use lab displays that eliminate unnecessary data. Also, display data aggregated in the way the user processes them cogni3vely, rather than in the way that the clinical lab reports them.
WBC 8.7 P 59 B 1 L 36 M 1 Baso 1 E 2 ANC 2.5 AEC 0.4 HB 10.2 RBC 3.9 MCV 72 RDW 17% RBC morphology: anisocytosis, hypochromic Plt 345 Plt morphology normal
References: Endsley, M. A., Bolte, B., & Jones, D. G. (2003). Designing for Situa3on Awareness. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. Patel, V. (1999) What is wrong with EMR: a cogni3ve perspec3ve. Panel Discussion AMIA; hKp://people.dbmi.columbia.edu/cimino/Presenta3ons/1999‐Scamc‐ What%20is%20Wrong%20with%20EMR.ppt; retrieved on Oct 24th 2011. Nygren, E. and Henriksson, P. (1992) Reading the medical record. I. Analysis of physicians’ ways of reading the medical record. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 39, 1‐12.
Microcy3c anemia, Mentzer index, RBC morphology and RDW suggest iron deficiency. Consider re3culocyte & iron studies
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Alma Roberts Problems Tests Psychological Issues Social Issues Op3ons for diagnosis of cause of current signs & symptoms Allergies Medica3ons Nutri3on, Ac3vity, etc. Appointments Care Team Administra3ve Alerts SAVE QUIT
Alma Roberts Problems Tests Psychological Issues Social Issues Op3ons for diagnosis of current signs & symptoms Allergies Medica3ons Nutri3on, Ac3vity, etc. Appointments Care Team Administra3ve Alerts
If you want to make changes, please select any item below, type new informa3on and click SAVE To email or Skype Alma Roberts, click on links in blue below 47 Spencer Street, Newton, MA 02159 Phone (Home): 617‐456‐1234 Phone (Cell): N/A Email: alma.roberts@gmail.com Skype: almaroberts DOB: 8/12/1925 Age: 87 years Gender: Female Marital status: Divorced
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Click links in blue below to call people/places: Saturday, 11/24/12 8:50 pm: Fell at home. Confused & incoherent. Taken by ambulance to Suburban Hospital ER; PCP, daughter & on‐call geriatric care manager (GCM) no3fied via text message @ 8:55 pm. ; GCM is on her way to Suburban Hospital ER.
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Alma Roberts Problems Tests Psychological Issues Social Issues Op3ons for diagnosis of current signs & symptoms Allergies Medica3ons Nutri3on, Ac3vity, etc. Appointments Care Team Administra3ve Alerts Glaucoma Hypertension Atrial fibrilla3on Osteoporosis Anxiety Hyperlipidemia Risk of stroke SAVE QUIT
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Click test name below to view most recent tests and trends 1. Any out of normal range test results 2. ALL test results 3. INR 4. CBC (Complete Blood Count) 5. Total cholesterol (fas3ng) 6. HDL‐cholesterol (fas3ng) 7. LDL‐cholesterol (fas3ng) 8. Basic metabolic panel
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Test Results
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NOTE: Dr. Bingham has increased the amount of Lipitor (AtrovastaNn) you should be taking due to the 3 out of normal range Cholesterol test results in red below. Click here to see your medicaNon list. You will see a change in the dosage when you receive your prescripNon.
Click here for all test results for this 3me period
Alma Roberts
Test Results
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NOTE: Dr. Bingham has increased the amount of Lipitor (AtrovastaNn) you should be taking due to the 3 out of normal range Cholesterol test results in red below. Click here to see your medicaNon list. You will see a change in the dosage when you receive your prescripNon.
Alma Roberts Problems Tests Psychological Issues Social Issues Op3ons for diagnosis of current signs & symptoms Allergies Medica3ons Nutri3on, Ac3vity, etc. Appointments Care Team Administra3ve Alerts
1. Coumadin (Generic: Warfarin) 2.5 mg daily 2. Trilisate, Tricosol (Generic: Choline, Magnesium Salicylate) 750 mg every 8 hours 3. Prilosec, Prilosec OTC (Generic: Omeprazole) one 20 mg capsule/day 4. Pilocar Pilocarpine Ophthalmic Solu3ons Eye Drops 1 drop in each eye twice a day 5. Paxil (Generic: Paroxe3ne) 20 mg daily 6. Capoten (Generic: Captopril) 25 mg twice a day 7. Fosamax (Generic: Alendronate) 5 or 10 mg daily 8. Lipitor (Generic: Atrovasta3n) 20 mg daily CAUTION: Never take aspirin or any medica3ons containing aspirin while taking Coumadin (Warfarin) because aspirin can make your stomach and or intes3nes bleed
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All test results, except HDL and LDL cholesterol, were within normal range at last visit with Lisa Bingham, MD (PCP). Click here to see test results. Con3nue ALL the medica3ons listed below. PLEASE NOTE: Dr. Bingham has increased the amount of Lipitor (AtrovastaNn) you should be taking. You will see a change in the dosage when you receive your prescripNon.
Alma Roberts
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Drops Instructions: 1 drop in each eye twice a day
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Instructions: 20 mg daily
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Instructions: 25 mg twice a day
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Instructions: 5 or 10 mg daily
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Alma Roberts Problems Tests Psychological Issues Social Issues Op3ons for diagnosis of current signs & symptoms Allergies Medica3ons Nutri3on, Ac3vity, etc. Appointments Care Team Administra3ve Alerts Future Appointments (click an appointment to change or cancel it) 1. Th 11/28/12 9:30 a.m. Lisa Bingham, MD (PCP)
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Home monitoring device readings: Weight trend Pedometer trend Lifestyle Low salt diet Non‐smoker 1 alcoholic beverage/day
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Click the test name to see test results: Cogni3ve func3on test results Depression screening results F/H demen3a
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Alma Roberts Problems Tests Psychological Issues Social Issues Op3ons for diagnosis of current signs & symptoms Allergies Medica3ons Nutri3on Appointments Care Team Administra3ve Alerts
Click anywhere in this box to update or add items: 1. Live alone 2. No rela3ves nearby 3. Transporta3on‐no longer driving 4. Low health literacy
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Click on your provider’s name to see contact informa3on or send a message: Carla Brown , RN (GCM) Susan Ford (daughter) Lisa Bingham, MD (PCP) Mark Fitzgerald, MD (Cardiologist) Tina Fordham, DDS (Den3st)
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