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Definitions, Design, and Parts Bijan Parsia bparsia@cs.man.ac.uk Sean Bechhofer sean.bechhofer@manchester.ac.uk COMP60421 23 Nov. 2012 Monday, 26 November 2012 1 Definition Oriented Development Define define Monday, 26 November 2012 2

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Definitions, Design, and Parts

Bijan Parsia bparsia@cs.man.ac.uk Sean Bechhofer sean.bechhofer@manchester.ac.uk COMP60421 23 Nov. 2012

1 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Definition Oriented Development

Define define

2 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Remember, Movember!

  • http://mobro.co/bijanparsia
  • http://uk.movember.com/team/830989

3 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Utility

  • You’ve learned a bit about ontologies

– The languages – The services – The underlying logic – A bit about computation – A bit about how to model with them

  • The big question!

– What are they good for? – (data integration, terminology development...)

  • The BIGGER question...

– ...What is the marginal gain of using ontologies?

  • Here’s an attempt at answering this question

– Much more work needs to be done!

4

4 Monday, 26 November 2012

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5

“I thought to myself: I am wiser than this man; neither of us probably knows anything that is really good, but he thinks he has knowledge, when he has not, while I... do not think I have.”

― Plato, Apology

5 Monday, 26 November 2012

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The Simple Development Cycle

has knowledge

Conceptualize

∃P.C ⊑ ∀P.D A⊓B ⊑ ∀P.D ∃P(A⊔B)⊑¬D

has Knowledge

Formalize Verbalize

6 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 7

The Simple Development Cycle

has knowledge

Conceptualize

∃P.C ⊑ ∀P.D A⊓B ⊑ ∀P.D ∃P(A⊔B)⊑¬D

has Knowledge

F

  • r

m a l i z e Communicate

7 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 8

F

  • r

m a l i z e

The Simple Development Cycle

has knowledge

Conceptualize

∃P.C ⊑ ∀P.D A⊓B ⊑ ∀P.D ∃P(A⊔B)⊑¬D

has Knowledge

Communicate I n f e r e n c e

8 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Definition Oriented Development

  • “Reduce” (certain kinds of) effort

– Local focus on what terms mean

  • Verification

– There are consequences to what we say – We can spot wrong links

  • Work on our part to detect problems
  • But inferred links are a subset of all links

– The reasoner can tell us about broken definitions

  • We still need to understand them!
  • Improve interaction

– The KR becomes “reactive”

  • Comes at a computational cost!

9 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Reduce which effort?

  • Target: Hierarchical controlled vocabularies

– Aka taxonomies

  • Without (logically encoded) definitions

– We must formulate the definitions – We must put terms “in their proper place” – We must assert every non-trivial “link” – We must check that these are the right links

  • Thus we must determine what all the right links are
  • We must also verify that the links we include are right
  • How much work?

– 100 terms ≈ 10,000 (1002) possible subsumptions!

  • Plus 100 definitions
  • Link checking isn’t enough — paths!

– Depth adds complexity – Multiple inheritance adds significant complexity

Mediated by humans!

10 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Three issues with term position

  • Where do they go?
  • The number of terms
  • The effort involved

11 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 12

Modified ¡from ¡slides ¡by Maria ¡Copeland

h4p://www.cs.manchester.ac.uk/ugt/2011/COMP34512/slides/day7.pdf

Case ¡Study: ¡ Na-onal ¡Cancer ¡Ins-tute ¡Thesaurus ¡(NCIt) Pu9ng ¡things ¡in ¡their ¡place

12 Monday, 26 November 2012

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A ¡Case ¡Study

The ¡NCI ¡Thesaurus ¡is ¡a ¡vocabulary ¡designed ¡to ¡meet ¡the ¡ needs ¡of ¡the ¡cancer ¡research ¡community ¡for ¡consistent, ¡ unambiguous ¡codes ¡and ¡defini;ons ¡for ¡basic ¡and ¡clinical ¡ concepts ¡used ¡in ¡cancer ¡research, ¡and ¡the ¡seman;c ¡links ¡ among ¡concepts ¡that ¡enable ¡traversal ¡of ¡rela;onships.

13 Monday, 26 November 2012

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In ¡A ¡Nutshell

The ¡NCIt ¡is ¡a ¡controlled ¡vocabulary

  • About ¡cancer ¡research

übasic ¡and ¡clinical ¡concepts

  • Unambiguous ¡codes ¡(with ¡defini;ons)

ühuman ¡readable

  • Arranged ¡hierarchically

14 Monday, 26 November 2012

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¡NCIt

  • At ¡delivery
  • Hierarchical ¡lists ¡of ¡terms ¡+ ¡defini;on ¡comments
  • (Akin ¡to ¡our ¡minimal ¡representa;on)
  • At ¡development
  • Formalized ¡defini;ons
  • (Akin ¡to ¡a ¡full ¡blown ¡representa;on)
  • Why ¡the ¡discrepancy?

15 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Delivery

The ¡NCI ¡Thesaurus ¡is ¡designed, ¡first ¡and ¡foremost, ¡to ¡ be ¡a ¡thesaurus ¡– ¡“a ¡controlled ¡vocabulary ¡arranged ¡in ¡ a ¡known ¡order ¡and ¡structured ¡so ¡that ¡the ¡various ¡ rela;onships ¡among ¡terms ¡are ¡displayed ¡clearly ¡and ¡ iden;fied ¡by ¡ ¡standardized ¡rela;onship ¡indicators….Its ¡ primary ¡role ¡is ¡that ¡of ¡a ¡bridge ¡for ¡human ¡to ¡human ¡ communica;on ¡across ¡special;es ¡and ¡data ¡resources ¡ ”*

* ¡h4p://bit.ly/zSxHpK

16 Monday, 26 November 2012

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  • Data ¡entry
  • Tags ¡on ¡images
  • Keywords ¡on ¡papers
  • Data ¡retrieval
  • Query ¡expansion
  • Faceted/hierarchical ¡naviga;on

Delivery

17 Monday, 26 November 2012

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18 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Development ¡Challenges

  • Cancer ¡(research) ¡domain
  • Complex ¡and ¡diverse
  • Different ¡users ¡and ¡user ¡communi;es
  • Terms ¡and ¡term ¡sets ¡overlap
  • But ¡with ¡different ¡nuances
  • Shared ¡or ¡similar ¡concepts ¡with ¡shared, ¡similar, ¡or ¡

quite ¡different ¡terms

  • Domain ¡and ¡terminologies ¡always ¡changing

19 Monday, 26 November 2012

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20

NCIt: ¡EvoluUon

20 Monday, 26 November 2012

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  • NCIt ¡published ¡monthly ¡in ¡OWL ¡since ¡2003
  • ≈93 ¡versions ¡of ¡the ¡NCIt ¡ontology ¡

–(as ¡of ¡last ¡year...up ¡to ¡104 ¡or ¡so ¡now)

  • 49,647 ¡to ¡122,078 ¡logical ¡axioms
  • A ¡comparable ¡number ¡of ¡terms

21

NCIt: ¡Facts

21 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Contains ¡21 ¡hierarchical ¡trees ¡

  • Neoplasms
  • Anatomy
  • Genes
  • Proteins
  • Drugs
  • Treatments
  • …

22

NCIt: ¡Scope

22 Monday, 26 November 2012

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23

User ¡View

23 Monday, 26 November 2012

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24

¡ Knowledge ¡Engineer ¡View

24 Monday, 26 November 2012

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25

¡ How ¡do ¡you ¡get ¡there?

25 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Data ¡Sources

Email ¡Requests UniversiUes Research ¡ InsUtutes EVS ¡Partners Legacy ¡Data Bulk ¡Data ¡Imports Data ¡Archives Use ¡Cases

26 Monday, 26 November 2012

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27

NCIt ¡Process ¡for ¡Use ¡Cases

User ¡submits ¡a ¡Use ¡Case Domain ¡Expert ¡examines ¡use ¡case ¡to ¡ check: ¡

  • ­‑ ¡exisUng ¡coverage

¡

  • ­‑ ¡expansion ¡of ¡knowledge ¡

The ¡collaboraUve ¡process ¡begins:

  • ¡use ¡the ¡“pseudo ¡T-­‑Box”*
  • ¡use ¡graphical ¡representaUons
  • ¡use ¡spreadsheets ¡to ¡map ¡to ¡
  • ntology

¡

proto-­‑representaUon * ¡“Pseudo-­‑TBox” ¡is ¡an ¡odd ¡artefact ¡of ¡the ¡rather ¡strange ¡DL ¡system ¡they ¡were ¡using ¡at ¡the ¡Ume

  • ­‑-­‑ ¡just ¡conceive ¡of ¡it ¡as ¡an ¡extremely ¡simplified ¡abstracUon ¡of ¡the ¡actual ¡ontology

27 Monday, 26 November 2012

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28

NCIt ¡Process: ¡In ¡Detail

28 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Pseudo-­‑TBox ¡Approach

  • It ¡is ¡a ¡simplificaUon

–Discussion ¡not ¡on ¡30,000+ ¡terms, –But ¡on ¡kinds ¡and ¡roles

  • Shows ¡coverage

–Hierarchy ¡view:

  • They ¡can ¡explore
  • Recognize ¡concepts
  • Spot ¡gaps
  • PosiUoning ¡is ¡hard!

–Seeing ¡structure ¡elicits ¡structure ¡comments

29 Monday, 26 November 2012

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PosiUon ¡Challenge

Problem! ¡

“Not ¡infrequently ¡in ¡biomedicine, ¡there ¡is ¡no ¡canonical ¡ determina;on ¡of ¡a ¡concept's ¡correct ¡tree ¡posi;on…” ¡

30 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 31

Example

“Meningococcal ¡meningi;s ¡may ¡be ¡classified ¡correctly ¡as ¡ both ¡a ¡disease ¡of ¡the ¡central ¡nervous ¡systems ¡and ¡a ¡ bacterial ¡disease” ¡ “There ¡are ¡always ¡things ¡the ¡experts ¡will ¡ques;on.”

PosiUon ¡Challenge

31 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Conflict ¡ResoluUon ¡Tools

“These ¡discussions ¡of ¡why ¡the ¡hierarchies ¡are ¡structured ¡as ¡ they ¡are ¡offer ¡the ¡opportunity ¡to ¡introduce ¡the ¡no;ons ¡

  • f ¡roles”

”Since ¡the ¡hierarchy ¡posi;on ¡of ¡defined ¡concepts ¡are ¡the ¡ result ¡of ¡the ¡concept's ¡role ¡restric;on”

PosiUon ¡Challenge

32 Monday, 26 November 2012

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DefiniUons, ¡Not ¡PosiUon

  • Defini;ons ¡encode ¡many ¡posi;ons

–meningococcal ¡meningi;s ¡SubClassOf: ¡disease ¡that ¡ locatedIn ¡central ¡nervous ¡systems ¡and ¡causedBy ¡ bacteria

  • Including ¡future ¡posi;ons

–We ¡can ¡start ¡with ¡“Disease” ¡and ¡then ¡introduce ¡ “BacterialDisease” ¡and ¡“CNSDisease” ¡or ¡even ¡ “BacterialCNSDisease”

33 Monday, 26 November 2012

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  • Major ¡focus ¡is ¡the ¡terminology ¡and ¡definiUons
  • The ¡hierarchical ¡relaUons ¡discussions ¡are ¡to ¡support ¡

definiUons ¡clarity ¡and ¡not ¡to ¡posiUon ¡the ¡term

  • Each ¡term ¡in ¡the ¡pseudo-­‑hierarchy ¡is ¡commented ¡with:
  • Textual ¡descripUons ¡of ¡the ¡term
  • Full ¡list ¡of ¡synonyms
  • AddiUonal ¡clarificaUons ¡on ¡recommended ¡usage ¡of ¡the ¡term

34

Domain ¡Experts ¡and ¡Users

34 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 35

35

¡

Goal ¡is ¡to ¡reach ¡an ¡agreement ¡on ¡the ¡defini;on ¡

35 Monday, 26 November 2012

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36

NCIt: ¡Proto-­‑representaUon

36 Monday, 26 November 2012

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A ¡Use ¡Case ¡Example

37

37 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Kinds

38

38 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Kinds

39

ip://ip1.nci.nih.gov/pub/cacore/EVS/ThesaurusSemanUcs/TBox.png

39 Monday, 26 November 2012

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The ¡proto-­‑representaUon ¡is ¡formalized

  • Mapping ¡the ¡proto-­‑representaUon ¡to ¡the ¡NCIt ¡hierarchy

40

Domain ¡Experts ¡and ¡Ontology ¡Designers ¡

40 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Ontology ¡Designers ¡rely ¡heavily ¡on ¡the ¡definiUons ¡and ¡comments ¡provided ¡ by ¡the ¡users ¡to ¡create ¡the ¡OWL ¡representaUons ¡of ¡the ¡definiUons

41

Domain ¡Experts ¡and ¡Ontology ¡Designers ¡

41 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Ontology ¡Designers ¡and ¡Domain ¡Experts ¡decide:

  • PosiUon ¡of ¡the ¡term ¡(class) ¡in ¡the ¡hierarchies
  • Is_a
  • Part_of
  • Located_in
  • SubsumpUon ¡relaUons ¡and ¡inherited ¡informaUon
  • Equivalence ¡and ¡disjointness

This ¡is ¡both ¡a ¡manual ¡and ¡automa;c ¡process

42

Domain ¡Experts ¡and ¡Ontology ¡Designers ¡

42 Monday, 26 November 2012

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The ¡reasoner ¡provides ¡automa;c ¡inference:

  • Make ¡implicit ¡links ¡explicit
  • Help ¡resolve ¡representaUon ¡conflicts
  • SubsumpUon ¡checking

43

DL ¡Formalism ¡and ¡Reasoner

43 Monday, 26 November 2012

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44

44 Monday, 26 November 2012

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The ¡Cost ¡of ¡Geong ¡it ¡“Right”

Ontology ¡development ¡is ¡costly ¡

“Ini;ally ¡we ¡included ¡in ¡the ¡Thesaurus ¡concepts ¡that ¡we ¡ simply ¡believed ¡to ¡be ¡important ¡to ¡NCI” ¡ “However, ¡given ¡the ¡costs ¡of ¡ontology ¡development ¡one ¡ cannot ¡go ¡on ¡doing ¡that ¡very ¡long. ¡Since ¡no ¡ontology ¡is ¡ ever ¡complete ¡[27], ¡a ¡yards;ck ¡is ¡needed ¡…“ ¡ “We ¡now ¡require ¡that ¡all ¡T-­‑ ¡Box ¡elements ¡be ¡required ¡either ¡ explicitly ¡or ¡by ¡implica;on ¡by ¡the ¡needs ¡of ¡at ¡least ¡one ¡ user ¡community”

45 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Recall ¡the ¡process

  • Scope

– When ¡to ¡stop – Task – Purpose – Output ¡-­‑ ¡terminology

  • Pre–representaUon ¡(Knowledge ¡AcquisiUon)

– Collect ¡terms – Organize ¡terms – Produce ¡informal ¡concepts ¡(proto-­‑representaUon)

  • Post–representaUon ¡(Knowledge ¡RepresentaUon)

– Normalizing ¡terms ¡(e.g., ¡“symmetry ¡or ¡symmetric”?) – Hierarchy ¡(and ¡other ¡direct ¡relaUons ¡between ¡terms) ¡ – Categorizing ¡terms ¡(e.g., ¡as ¡modifiers ¡or ¡self-­‑standing) ¡ – Constraining ¡and ¡defining ¡terms – Formalize ¡Knowledge

  • Evaluate

46

46 Monday, 26 November 2012

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47

¡ The ¡process ¡does ¡not ¡guarantee ¡a ¡successful ¡

Knowledge ¡Representa;on

47 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Taxonomic position

  • Not just hard, but (perhaps) impossible

– No one hierarchy

  • “Discussion of the hierarchies frequently will elicit comments from the

domain expert about the hierarchy structure. Not infrequently in biomedicine, there is no canonical determination of a concept’s correct tree position. For example, meningococcal meningitis may be classified correctly as both a disease of the central nervous systems and a bacterial disease.” —Modeling a description logic vocabulary for cancer research

  • Solved?!

– Hierarchies aren’t neutral!

  • “In meta-utopia, the lab-coated guardians of epistemology sit down and

rationally map out a hierarchy of ideas...This presumes that there is a "correct" way of categorizing ideas, and that reasonable people, given enough time and incentive, can agree on the proper means for building a hierarchy. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Any hierarchy of ideas necessarily implies the importance of some axes over others.” —

Metacrap: Putting the torch to seven straw-men of the meta-utopia

  • ??

48 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Lab Coat View

Mary Van Rensselaer Buell (1893-1969) http://www.flickr.com/photos/smithsonian/3322785642/

http://www.well.com/~doctorow/metacrap.htm#2.5

49 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Duelling Manufacturers

vs

50 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Unresolvable (?) Disagreement

  • Definitions perhaps let us

– accommodate multiple compatible perspectives – unless our definitions conflict

  • difficult to accommodate incompatible perspectives

– no silver bullet!

  • Easier is easier

– If we can avoid pointless battles, yay! – Real disagreement is important!

51 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Bicycles and their accidents

52 Monday, 26 November 2012

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Types of Bicycle injury

  • 1972 ICD-9 (E826) 8
  • READ-2 (T30..) 81
  • READ-3 87
  • 1999 ICD-10 ……

http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~rector/presentations/Reasoning-web-rector-GALEN-2006.ppt

53 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 54 topClass I Certain infectious and parasitic diseases II Neoplasms III Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism IV Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases V Mental and behavioural disorders VI Diseases of the nervous system VII Diseases of the eye and adnexa VIII Diseases of the ear and mastoid process IX Diseases of the circulatory systems X Diseases of the respiratory system XI Diseases of the digestive system XII Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue XIII Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue XIV Diseases of the genitourinary system XV Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium XVI Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period XVII Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities XVIII Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified XIX Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes XX External causes of morbidity and mortality V01-V99 Transport accidents V01-V09 Pedestrian injured in transport accident V10-V19 Pedal cyclist injured in transport accident V10 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal V10.0 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, nontraffic accident V10.00 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V10.01 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V10.02 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V10.03 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V10.04 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V10.08 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V10.09 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V10.1 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, nontraffic accident V10.10 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V10.11 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V10.12 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V10.13 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V10.14 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V10.18 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V10.19 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V10.2 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident V10.20 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V10.21 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V10.22 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V10.23 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V10.24 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V10.28 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V10.29 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V10.3 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, while boarding or alighting V10.30 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in sports activity V10.31 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in leisure activity V10.32 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, while boarding or alighting, while working for an income V10.33 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other types of work V10.34 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, while boarding or alighting, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V10.38 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other specified activities V10.39 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, while boarding or alighting, during unspecified activity V10.4 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, traffic accident V10.40 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V10.41 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V10.42 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, traffic accident, while working for an income V10.43 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V10.44 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V10.48 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V10.49 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, driver, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V10.5 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, traffic accident V10.50 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V10.51 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V10.52 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, traffic accident, while working for an income V10.53 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V10.54 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V10.58 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V10.59 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, passenger, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V10.9 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident V10.90 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V10.91 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V10.92 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while working for an income V10.93 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V10.94 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V10.98 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V10.99 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with pedestrian or animal, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V11 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle V11.0 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, nontraffic accident V11.00 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V11.01 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V11.02 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V11.03 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V11.04 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V11.08 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V11.09 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V11.1 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, nontraffic accident V11.10 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V11.11 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V11.12 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V11.13 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V11.14 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V11.18 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V11.19 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V11.2 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident V11.20 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V11.21 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V11.22 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V11.23 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V11.24 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V11.28 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V11.29 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V11.3 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, while boarding or alighting V11.30 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in sports activity V11.31 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in leisure activity V11.32 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, while boarding or alighting, while working for an income V11.33 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other types of work V11.34 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, while boarding or alighting, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V11.38 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other specified activities V11.39 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, while boarding or alighting, during unspecified activity V11.4 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, traffic accident V11.40 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V11.41 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V11.42 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, traffic accident, while working for an income V11.43 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V11.44 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V11.48 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V11.49 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, driver, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V11.5 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, traffic accident V11.50 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V11.51 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V11.52 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, traffic accident, while working for an income V11.53 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V11.54 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V11.58 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V11.59 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, passenger, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V11.9 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident V11.90 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V11.91 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V11.92 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while working for an income V11.93 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V11.94 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V11.98 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V11.99 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other pedal cycle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V12 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle V12.0 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident V12.00 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V12.01 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V12.02 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V12.03 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V12.04 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V12.08 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V12.09 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V12.1 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident V12.10 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V12.11 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V12.12 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V12.13 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V12.14 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V12.18 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V12.19 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V12.2 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident V12.20 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V12.21 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V12.22 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V12.23 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V12.24 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V12.28 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V12.29 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V12.3 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, while boarding or alighting V12.30 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in sports activity V12.31 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in leisure activity V12.32 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while working for an income V12.33 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other types of work V12.34 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V12.38 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other specified activities V12.39 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, during unspecified activity V12.4 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, traffic accident V12.40 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V12.41 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V12.42 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while working for an income V12.43 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V12.44 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V12.48 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V12.49 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V12.5 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident V12.50 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V12.51 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V12.52 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while working for an income V12.53 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V12.54 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V12.58 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V12.59 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V12.9 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident V12.90 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V12.91 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V12.92 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while working for an income V12.93 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V12.94 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V12.98 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V12.99 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V13 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van V13.0 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, nontraffic accident V13.00 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V13.01 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V13.02 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V13.03 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V13.04 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V13.08 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V13.09 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V13.1 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, nontraffic accident V13.10 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V13.11 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V13.12 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V13.13 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V13.14 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V13.18 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V13.19 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V13.2 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident V13.20 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V13.21 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V13.22 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V13.23 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V13.24 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V13.28 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V13.29 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V13.3 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, while boarding or alighting V13.30 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in sports activity V13.31 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in leisure activity V13.32 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, while boarding or alighting, while working for an income V13.33 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other types of work V13.34 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, while boarding or alighting, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V13.38 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other specified activities V13.39 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, while boarding or alighting, during unspecified activity V13.4 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, traffic accident V13.40 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V13.41 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V13.42 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, traffic accident, while working for an income V13.43 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V13.44 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V13.48 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V13.49 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, driver, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V13.5 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, traffic accident V13.50 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V13.51 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V13.52 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, traffic accident, while working for an income V13.53 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V13.54 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V13.58 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V13.59 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, passenger, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V13.9 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident V13.90 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V13.91 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V13.92 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while working for an income V13.93 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V13.94 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V13.98 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V13.99 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with car, pick-up truck or van, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V14 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus V14.0 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, nontraffic accident V14.00 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V14.01 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V14.02 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V14.03 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V14.04 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V14.08 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V14.09 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V14.1 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, nontraffic accident V14.10 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V14.11 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V14.12 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V14.13 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V14.14 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V14.18 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, nontraffic, while engaged in other specified activities accident V14.19 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, nontraffic, during unspecified activity accident V14.2 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident V14.20 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V14.21 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V14.22 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V14.23 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V14.24 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V14.28 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V14.29 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V14.3 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, while boarding or alighting V14.30 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in sports activity V14.31 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in leisure activity V14.32 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, while boarding or alighting, while working for an income V14.33 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other types of work V14.34 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, while boarding or alighting, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V14.38 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other specified activities V14.39 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, while boarding or alighting, during unspecified activity V14.4 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, traffic accident V14.40 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V14.41 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V14.42 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, traffic accident, while working for an income V14.43 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V14.44 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V14.48 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V14.49 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, driver, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V14.5 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, traffic accident V14.50 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V14.51 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V14.52 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, traffic accident, while working for an income V14.53 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V14.54 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V14.58 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V14.59 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, passenger, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V14.9 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident V14.90 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V14.91 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V14.92 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while working for an income V14.93 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V14.94 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V14.98 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V14.99 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V15 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle V15.0 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident V15.00 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V15.01 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V15.02 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V15.03 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V15.04 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V15.08 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V15.09 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V15.1 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident V15.10 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V15.11 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V15.12 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V15.13 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V15.14 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V15.18 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V15.19 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V15.2 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident V15.20 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V15.21 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V15.22 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V15.23 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V15.24 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V15.28 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V15.29 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V15.3 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, while boarding or alighting V15.30 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in sports activity V15.31 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in leisure activity V15.32 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while working for an income, while working for an income V15.33 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other types of work V15.34 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V15.38 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other specified activities V15.39 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, while boarding or alighting, during unspecified activity V15.4 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, traffic accident V15.40 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V15.41 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V15.42 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while working for an income V15.43 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V15.44 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V15.48 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V15.49 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, driver, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V15.5 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, traffic accident V15.50 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V15.51 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V15.52 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while working for an income V15.53 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V15.54 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V15.58 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V15.59 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V15.9 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident V15.90 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V15.91 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V15.92 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while working for an income V15.93 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V15.94 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V15.98 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V15.99 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with railway train or railway vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V16 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle V16.0 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident V16.00 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V16.01 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V16.02 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V16.03 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V16.04 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V16.08 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V16.09 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V16.1 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident V16.10 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V16.11 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V16.12 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V16.13 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V16.14 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V16.18 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V16.19 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V16.2 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident V16.20 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V16.21 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V16.22 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V16.23 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V16.24 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V16.28 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V16.29 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V16.3 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, while boarding or alighting V16.30 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in sports activity V16.31 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in leisure activity V16.32 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while working for an income V16.33 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other types of work V16.34 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V16.38 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other specified activities V16.39 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, while boarding or alighting, during unspecified activity V16.4 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, traffic accident V16.40 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V16.41 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V16.42 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while working for an income V16.43 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V16.44 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V16.48 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V16.49 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, driver, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V16.5 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident V16.50 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V16.51 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V16.52 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while working for an income V16.53 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V16.54 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V16.58 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V16.59 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, passenger, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V16.9 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident V16.90 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V16.91 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V16.92 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while working for an income V16.93 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V16.94 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V16.98 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V16.99 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with other nonmotor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V17 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object V17.0 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, nontraffic accident V17.00 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V17.01 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V17.02 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V17.03 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V17.04 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V17.08 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V17.09 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V17.1 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, nontraffic accident V17.10 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V17.11 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V17.12 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V17.13 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V17.14 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V17.18 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V17.19 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V17.2 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident V17.20 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V17.21 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V17.22 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V17.23 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V17.24 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V17.28 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V17.29 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V17.3 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, while boarding or alighting V17.30 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in sports activity V17.31 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in leisure activity V17.32 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, while boarding or alighting, while working for an income V17.33 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other types of work V17.34 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, while boarding or alighting, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V17.38 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other specified activities V17.39 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, while boarding or alighting, during unspecified activity V17.4 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, traffic accident V17.40 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V17.41 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V17.42 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, traffic accident, while working for an income V17.43 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V17.44 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V17.48 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V17.49 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, driver, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V17.5 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, traffic accident V17.50 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V17.51 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V17.52 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, traffic accident, while working for an income V17.53 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V17.54 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V17.58 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V17.59 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, passenger, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V17.9 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident V17.90 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V17.91 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V17.92 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while working for an income V17.93 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V17.94 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V17.98 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V17.99 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with fixed or stationary object, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, during unspecified activity V18 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident V18.0 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, nontraffic accident V18.00 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V18.01 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V18.02 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V18.03 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V18.04 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V18.08 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V18.09 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V18.1 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, nontraffic accident V18.10 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V18.11 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V18.12 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V18.13 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V18.14 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V18.18 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V18.19 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V18.2 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident V18.20 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V18.21 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V18.22 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while working for an income V18.23 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V18.24 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V18.28 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V18.29 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V18.3 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, while boarding or alighting V18.30 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in sports activity V18.31 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in leisure activity V18.32 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, while boarding or alighting, while working for an income V18.33 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other types of work V18.34 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, while boarding or alighting, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V18.38 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, while boarding or alighting, while engaged in other specified activities V18.39 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, while boarding or alighting, during unspecified activity V18.4 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, traffic accident V18.40 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V18.41 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V18.42 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, traffic accident, while working for an income V18.43 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V18.44 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V18.48 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V18.49 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, driver, traffic accident, during unspecified activity, during unspecified activity V18.5 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, traffic accident V18.50 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V18.51 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V18.52 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, traffic accident, while working for an income, while working for an income V18.53 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V18.54 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V18.58 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V18.59 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, passenger, traffic accident, during unspecified activity, during unspecified activity V18.9 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident V18.90 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V18.91 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V18.92 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while working for an income, while working for an income V18.93 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V18.94 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V18.98 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V18.99 Pedal cyclist injured in noncollision transport accident, unspecified pedal cyclist, traffic accident, during unspecified activity, during unspecified activity V19 Pedal cyclist injured in other and unspecified transport accidents V19.0 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident V19.00 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V19.01 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V19.02 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while working for an income V19.03 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V19.04 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V19.08 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V19.09 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V19.1 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident V19.10 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V19.11 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V19.12 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while working for an income V19.13 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V19.14 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V19.18 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V19.19 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V19.2 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident V19.20 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V19.21 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V19.22 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while working for an income V19.23 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V19.24 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V19.28 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V19.29 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V19.3 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified nontraffic accident V19.30 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified nontraffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V19.31 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified nontraffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V19.32 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified nontraffic accident, while working for an income V19.33 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified nontraffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V19.34 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V19.38 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified nontraffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V19.39 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified nontraffic accident, during unspecified activity V19.4 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident V19.40 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V19.41 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V19.42 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while working for an income V19.43 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V19.44 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V19.48 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V19.49 Driver injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, during unspecified activity V19.5 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident V19.50 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V19.51 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V19.52 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while working for an income V19.53 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V19.54 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V19.58 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V19.59 Passenger injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, during unspecified activity V19.6 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident V19.60 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V19.61 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V19.62 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while working for an income V19.63 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V19.64 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V19.68 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V19.69 Unspecified pedal cyclist injured in collision with other and unspecified motor vehicles in traffic accident, during unspecified activity V19.8 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in other specified transport accidents V19.80 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in other specified transport accidents, while engaged in sports activity V19.81 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in other specified transport accidents, while engaged in leisure activity V19.82 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in other specified transport accidents, while working for an income V19.83 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in other specified transport accidents, while engaged in other types of work V19.84 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in other specified transport accidents, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V19.88 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in other specified transport accidents, while engaged in other specified activities V19.89 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in other specified transport accidents, during unspecified activity V19.9 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified traffic accident V19.90 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified traffic accident, while engaged in sports activity V19.91 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified traffic accident, while engaged in leisure activity V19.92 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified traffic accident, while working for an income V19.93 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified traffic accident, while engaged in other types of work V19.94 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified traffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities V19.98 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified traffic accident, while engaged in other specified activities V19.99 Pedal cyclist [any] injured in unspecified traffic accident, during unspecified activity

1999 ICD10: 587 codes

  • V31.22 Occupant of three-wheeled motor vehicle injured in

collision with pedal cycle, person on outside of vehicle, nontraffjc accident, while working for income

  • W65.40 Drowning and submersion while in bath-tub, street and

highway, while engaged in sports activity

  • X35.44 Victim of volcanic eruption, street and highway, while

resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities

http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~rector/presentations/Reasoning-web-rector-GALEN-2006.ppt

54 Monday, 26 November 2012

slide-55
SLIDE 55

It’s getting worse!

  • “With the move to ICD-10, the [1] code for suturing an

artery will become 195 codes, designating every single artery, among other variables, according to OptumInsight, a unit of UnitedHealth Group Inc. A single code for a badly healed fracture could now translate to 2,595 different codes, the firm calculates. Each signals information including what bone was broken, as well as which side of the body it was on.”*

  • A compositional problem

– We are using opaque names – Thus every combination needs a new name – Thus must trade off

  • Precision for number

55

*http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904103404576560742746021106.htm

55 Monday, 26 November 2012

slide-56
SLIDE 56

Two Problems

  • We have a lot of terms

– lots and lots and lots – how do we manage them?

  • We have pressures to add more terms

– fundamental

  • medical knowledge expands
  • medical record keeping needs expand

– artificial (or “technical”)

  • primarily, combinatorial pressure

56 Edwin Smith Papyrus

http://www.flickr.com/photos/78572993@N00/2226696853/

56 Monday, 26 November 2012

slide-57
SLIDE 57

500 codes in pieces

  • 10 things to hit…

– Pedestrian / cycle / motorbike / car / HGV / train / unpowered vehicle / a tree / other

  • 5 roles for the injured…

– Driving / passenger / cyclist / getting in / other

  • 5 activities when injured…

– resting / at work / sporting / at leisure / other

  • 2 contexts…

– In traffic / not in traffic

57

V12.24 Pedal cyclist injured in collision with two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, unspecified pedal cyclist, nontraffic accident, while resting, sleeping, eating or engaging in other vital activities

Slide from: http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~rector/presentations/snomed-rector-history-and-future-of-terminology.ppt

10 * 5 * 5 * 2 = 500

57 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 58

Terms as (class) expressions

  • The big move

– from names to expressions – from few names we induce many expressions

  • a terse representation of the term space
  • humans work this way!

– position driven by definition

  • Brings complexity

– Terms have different grammatical roles

  • classes, properties

– We have to use logicy stuff

  • reasoning!

58

58 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 59

Coordination

  • “...one key problem limiting re-use and application-

independence is that the formalisms used force application-specific choices...one of the key application-specific decisions which formalisms force

  • n users is the organisation of a fixed taxonomy based
  • n indivisible representations of concepts. Inevitably,

indivisible representations of complex concepts conflate several ideas, and since any fixed

  • rganisation of such complex ideas is fundamentally

arbitrary, choices can only be made on the basis of the current application...avoiding such decisions is an important technique for achieving reuse.

59

http://www.opengalen.org/download/aime-95.pdf

59 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 60

Forms of coordination

  • Pre-coordination

– No code without prior agreement

  • Only explicitly published codes
  • Maybe there’s an “other”
  • Integrating others is post-facto

– Code drift

  • Introducing new codes complicates old codings

– Though devtime definitions can help!

  • Post-coordination

– Core set of of terms

  • We can fix these, even

– A code is any valid expression

  • We don’t need an expression

– Many nonsensical codes! – Requires reasoning at “runtime”

60

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SLIDE 61

Coordination Example

  • Imagine a simple taxonomy

– Nuts and nut allergy

  • Notice the lack of specificity

– No PecanAllergy, HazelnutAllergy, etc. – Why not?

  • Consider a form using this

– Very simple – We have a patient with an almond allergy

  • Do we select

– Allergy?

61

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SLIDE 62

Coordination Example

  • Imagine a simple taxonomy

– Nuts and nut allergy

  • Notice the lack of specificity

– No PecanAllergy, HazelnutAllergy, etc. – Why not?

  • Consider a form using this

– Very simple – We have a patient with an almond allergy

  • Do we select

– Allergy? – Nut Allergy?

62

62 Monday, 26 November 2012

slide-63
SLIDE 63

Coordination Example

  • Imagine a simple taxonomy

– Nuts and nut allergy

  • Notice the lack of specificity

– No PecanAllergy, HazelnutAllergy, etc. – Why not?

  • Consider a form using this

– Very simple – We have a patient with an almond allergy

  • Do we select

– Allergy? – Nut Allergy? – Other?

63

63 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 64

Coordination Example

  • All choices have problems

– The fact of (divergent) choice – The uncontrolled bits

  • Can definitions help?

64

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SLIDE 65

Coordination by definition

  • Note that now we have some expressive power

65

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SLIDE 66

The pre-coordination cycle

has knowledge Conceptualize

∃P.C

has 66

http://www.flickr.com/photos/seattlemunicipalarchives/4058808950/

No changes at runtime Code set changes over time

66 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 67

The post-coordination cycle

F

  • r

m a l i z e

has knowledge

Conceptualize

∃P.C ⊑ ∀P.D A⊓B ⊑ ∀P.D ∃P(A⊔B)⊑¬D

has

C

  • m

m u n i c a t e I n f e r e n c e

67

http://www.flickr.com/photos/seattlemunicipalarchives/4058808950/

W r i t e e x p r e s s i

  • n

s

67 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 68

A Caveat

  • When is “runtime”?

– Post-coordination ont to develop a pre-coordinated vocab

  • Term explosion exists for end users, not for vocab developers.
  • How many terms

68

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SLIDE 69

End User Runtime?

  • UI might be tricky...

69

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SLIDE 70

Runtime vs. Development Time

  • We can see benefits at each stage
  • Each stage has different requirements

– E.g., Runtime has higher performance demands – E.g., Development time has higher correctness demands

  • Beyond codes!

– We can look at definition structure

  • To structure other parts of forms!

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SLIDE 71

Dynamically

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SLIDE 72

This is a simplification

  • Do we save effort?

– Depends on the effort for writing definitions

  • Cf Jeremy Rogers thesis*

– “The true comparative cost of manual versus computed crafting and curating of classifications is not known. One unpublished report suggests that the semantic approach is less costly than continued manual maintenance, even for very small domains of only a few hundred concepts [Zantra 2004]: the manual addition of 20 new rubrics to the 2000-term musculoskeletal chapter of ICPM-DE required 6 full day meetings involving 10 specialists, and a total of more than 5 man months of effort spread over 8 months. The semantic-based computed approach required an initial one- time investment of 2.5 man months to represent the entire chapter of rubrics, after which the 20 new additions could be integrated very quickly.” – The marginal cost was negligible, and the total cost was half.

  • We need more models & data

– I cordially invite you to provide some! – I’m happy to help

* http://www.opengalen.org/download/2004-Rogers-Methodology-and-ontological-schema-for-medical-terminology-(MD-Thesis).pdf

72 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 73

Language design basics

73 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 74

The Design Triangle

Expressivity (Representational Adequacy) Usability (Weak Cognitive Adequacy vs. Cognitive Complexity) Computability (vs. Computational and Implementational Complexity)

Each vertex has multiple positive and negative interactions with the others

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SLIDE 75

The Design Triangle

  • Expressivity

– What we can say (or say easily, or naturally, or...) – If suitable to our needs, a formalism (or KR) is representationally adequate

  • Computational Complexity

– How hard is it (in terms of resources) to work with? – Related: Implementational Complexity

  • How hard is it to produce a production quality implementation
  • Cognitive Complexity

– Focus on Weak Cognitive Adequacy i.e., Usability

  • A good KR (or KR formalism) achieves a good balance
  • f all of these for most of its uses, most of the time

75 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 76

Language Design

  • KR languages are like (individual) KRs

– Indeed, we can view them as a (v. general) KR – The design considerations are similar

  • General desiderata:
  • 1. Clarity of specification
  • 2. Expressivity
  • 3. Usability
  • 4. Computability
  • As we’ve seen, 1. points toward logic!

– FOL (at least) is well understood – FOL (at least) is v. expressive

  • Though it has known holes

– Usability.... – Computability...

The usual triad

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SLIDE 77

Some Considerations

  • Designing a logic from a reasoning perspective

– What expressivity do you need? – What's your core service? – What are the key services? – Are you interactive or not? – What's the scale you need to deal with?

  • And other performance characteristics

– What do you know about implementation?

  • What these somewhat neglect

– Many surface syntax issues – Non logical aspects of the language – Cognitive complexity

77 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 78

Automated Reasoning (types)

  • Automated Reasoning

– (Sometimes known: “theorem proving”) – (Typically: Deduction!) – Two basic flavors

  • Interactive reasoning:

– “Proof assistants” – A human user interacts with the program to generate proofs – System provides verification of steps, suggested next steps, etc. – “Mixed initiative”

  • (Fully) Automated Reasoning

– Set up initial conditions

  • Premises, question to be answered

– Default questions

– Program does the rest!

78 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 79

Automated Reasoning (which one?)

  • What's your goal?
  • Interactive (typical)

– Prove or verify math theorems – Verify algorithms – Things which are v. hard to prove

  • Because there isn’t any fully automated way
  • Automated (typical)

– Some math theorem proving – Whenever your concern is for the answer than the process

  • Database integration
  • Expert systems
  • Query answering
  • Debugging representations

79 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 80

Interactive Reasoning vs. System

  • Interactive reasoning refers to the process of proving

– Human intervention is required to supply proof steps

  • AR can be part of an interactive system

– E.g., a dialogue driven expert system – Consider database based systems – Consider Protege!

80 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 81

Services

  • Core

– Satisfiability/Consistency Checking

  • Key

– Entailment

  • With default questions

– Classification (atomic subsumptions) » Atomic class satisfiability – Instantiation

  • With different ASK languages

– More outré

  • Explanations of entailments
  • Modules
  • What do the core services give us?

– Verification, reaction, query

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SLIDE 82

Default Questions

  • Good default questions (can) improve usability

– User does not need to formulate the questions – Easy invocation of the questions – Built in coverage

  • Classification checks EVERY pair of atomic classes for subsumption

– Given {A, B, C}, » check A SubClassOf: B; A SubClassOf: C, B SubClassOf:C...

  • How many checks?
  • Even good default questions can cause problems

– Formulation takes practice and inclination

  • Skills atrophy!

– Users write to the default queries

  • May distort modelling
  • In serious ways!

– Reasoners get overtuned to default questions

Usability

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SLIDE 83

Computation

  • How do we assess (or measure) computation effort?

– Of a formalism?

  • Empirically

– By tests! – But how to generate test input?

  • Existing
  • Generated
  • Theoretically (complexity theory)

– We build a model of aspects of the computation

  • Asymptotic complexity

– How time/space varies as input size varies » Esp. “at the limit”

– We explore key cases

  • E.g., What happens in the worst case?

83

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SLIDE 84

Complexity model

  • We need an input size measure

– For us, how about “number of axioms”

  • What’s good about this?
  • What’s bad about this?
  • We need a feature

– Let’s stick with time

  • We need a case

– Worst case – Best case – Average case – “Typical” case

  • We need a problem

– E.g., satisfiability

  • We consider algorithms

84

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SLIDE 85

Algorithms vs. Problems

  • We generally look at decision problems

– I.e., yes/no questions

  • Is this formulae well formed?
  • Is this formulae consistent?

– (We can reduce many general problems to decision problems)

  • Consider:

– parsing is a process which goes from strings to trees – recognising is a process which goes from strings to Yes/No

  • Algorithms are ways of solving problems

– Always many ways for a given problem – Some ways are better than others!

  • Complexity of a problem or algorithm?

– They are related! – CoP is the complexity of the best possible algorithm

  • Generally!

85

85 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 86

Decidability

  • A decidable problem:

– For any (finite) string S and (finite) regular expression R

  • answer YES if R matches S and NO if R does not match S

– (A*B|B*A)

  • “AAAAA”
  • “AAAAB”
  • “ABA”
  • “BA”
  • “”
  • Why?

– (Hint, regular expressions correspond to deterministic finite state machines.) – (With some work!) – Linear time, constant space

Computability (vs. Computational and Implementational Complexity)

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SLIDE 87

Exercise

  • On the linear y-axis chart:

– Draw a line representing

  • A linear function (L)
  • A quadratic function (Q)
  • An exponential function (E)
  • On the log y-axis chart

– Do the same!

  • Each of these represents the WWC of an algo

– for a single problem! (they are named, L, Q, and E :)) – what do we know about the WWC of this problem?

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SLIDE 88

All Problems

Some Key Complexity Classes

88

Semi-Decidable Decidable NP P Some(!) Predicate Some(!) Propositional OWL’s in here

88 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 89

Computational Interlude

  • Do we have a hard constraint?

– Polynominal? I.e., “tractable”? – Does this rule out OWL immediately?

  • OWL contains propositional thus NP-Hard!

– Not necessarily! – Constants can matter – Worst case != Every case

  • Or even my case!
  • Key point

– For a given input (or set of inputs)

  • we must terminate in reasonable time

– for our context’s value of “reasonable”

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SLIDE 90

Exercise

  • Present that L, Q, and E represent algos

– for the same problem – What’s the WWC complexity of that problem?

  • As far as we know?
  • Using different dots (xs vs. os vs +s, or different colors)

– plot a set of inputs for each algo s.t. – we would prefer using E to Q and Q to L

  • That is, we would prefer a suboptimal algorithm

90

90 Monday, 26 November 2012

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SLIDE 91

Complexity of a problem class

  • WCC is often uninformative

– How often do you hit the worst case?

  • “on average”
  • “in practice”

– What’s the best case?

  • Sometimes high WCC can be beneficial

– From a complexity POV!? – Tends to correspond with higher expressivity

  • Thus, terse encodings
  • Low complexity isn’t a win if you need to start with huge input
Computability (vs. Computational and Implementational Complexity)

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SLIDE 92

Implications?

Expressivity (Representational Adequacy) Usability (Weak Cognitive Adequacy vs. Cognitive Complexity) Computability (vs. Computational and Implementational Complexity)

92

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SLIDE 93

Comp on Cog Complexity

  • If a problem can’t be solved in reasonable time

– then the difficulty of working with the artifact goes up – consider different time scales!

  • takes forever
  • takes 90 billion years
  • takes 10 billion years
  • takes 1 year
  • takes 1 month
  • takes 1 week
  • takes 1 day
  • takes 1 hour
  • takes 1 minute
  • takes 1 second
  • takes 1 millisecond
  • What’s reasonable time depends!

– At least as the number of times it must be solved

93

Always unreasonable Usually unreasonable Often unreasonable Possibly interactive Highly interactive

93 Monday, 26 November 2012