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6/18/2010 MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Deep Sea Salvage Operations 1 Dr. Alok K. Verma

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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences

Deep Sea Salvage Operations

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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Deep Sea Salvage - Description of Module

Shipwrecks are salvaged world wide for accident investigation, antique exploration and some other purposes. It is a million dollar industry that uses sophisticated navigation procedures, deep sea diving procedures, equipments and cutting edge technology.

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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g p , q p g g gy Deep Sea Salvage operations modules introduces students to the general procedures used in shipwreck salvage operations. It also teaches students basic concepts in navigation e.g. latitude, longitude, bearings etc. Hydrostatic pressure, underwater navigation using SONAR are also discussed in this module.

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Topics Covered

Shipwreck Operations 10 min. Locate Points on Maps 05 min. Latitudes and Longitudes 10 min. Hands-on Activity – 1

20 min.

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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y

Compass and Bearings 15 min. Hands-on Activity – 2

15 min.

Bearings to Calculate Distance 10 min. Hands-on Activity – 3

45 min.

Hydrostatic Pressure 30 min. SONAR

15 min.

Class Project – Lets Scratch

45 min.

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NOAA Titanic Expedition 2004 Video

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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How would you locate the exact location of Titanic which is not directly visible from the surface How was the Titanic Wreck Located?

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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Researchers had last reported position radioed by Titanic’s Radio Officer to start with Then why did it take 73 years to discover the wreck?

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The answer to this question lies in the State of Technology ‘Dr. Ballard noted that his crew had paid out 12,500 feet (3,810 m) of the sonar's tow cable at the time of the discovery of the wreck,[61] giving an approximate depth of the seabed of 12,450 feet (3,795 m).’

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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Crushing Pressure at this depth makes human dives impossible Pressure at this depth is 378 atm. = 5567 PSI Even if you reach this depth, its pitch black; sunlight cannot reach these unfathomed depths

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When technology provided answers to all these questions, successful effort was made by Dr. Robert Ballard and his team They used …

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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  • Side scanning SONAR ( Sound Navigation and Ranging) to “see”

underwater objects

  • After mapping the wreck, they used Underwater Robotic Vehicle

(ROV) ‘Alvin’ for the manned dives to the wreck

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Titanic Sank Somewhere in Between Europe and America But where exactly?

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Location of the Titanic Wreck

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41°43′55″N 49°56′45″W

Here lies Titanic

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What do these numbers represent?

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Latitude and Longitude

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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Latitude

  • For Geographical Mapping Purpose, Earth is divided into 180 parts

from North Pole to South Pole

  • Each division equals 1 degree
  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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  • Each division equals 1 degree
  • There are 90 divisions above and 90 Divisions below the Equator
  • Each Division line is known as Latitude
  • Latitudes range from 0 degree to 90 degree North (North Pole)
  • And from 0 degree to 90 degree South
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Latitude – Pictorial Representation

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23.50 N 66.56° N Arctic Circle

Latitudes to Remember – Tropics and Polar Circles

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/imagee.htm

66.56° S Antarctic Circle 23.50 S

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Longitude

  • For Geographical Mapping Purpose, Earth is divided into 360

parts from East to West round the globe

  • Each division equals 1 degree
  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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  • Each Division line is known as Longitude
  • Longitude range from 0 degree (Greenwich Meridian) to 180

degree East

  • And from 0 (Greenwich Meridian) degree to 180 degree West

What is Greenwich Meridian? Search and post your answers on Openclassroomserver or write in your Project Journal

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Longitude – Pictorial Representation

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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With Latitude and Longitude, we can locate ANY point on the Earth

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Equator and Prime Meridian

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Latitude Surface distance per 1° change Surface distance per 1° change in longitude

Relation between Latitude, Longitude and Surface Distance

Try to find out distance between following two points

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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in latitude in longitude 0° 110.574 km 111.320 km 15° 110.649 km 107.551 km 30° 110.852 km 96.486 km 45° 111.132 km 78.847 km 60° 111.412 km 55.800 km 75° 111.618 km 28.902 km 90° 111.694 km 0.000 km

25°N 80°W 47°N 122°W

points Miami Seattle Virginia Beach

36°N 75°W 37°N 122°W

San Francisco

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Development of Earth – Maps and Charts

What did you just learn? What is the use of previous exercise?

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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Maps and charts represent development of spherical Earth in 2-D form

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Check on Learning

0 d l i d i l k ________ divide Earth from North to South in 180 equal parts Latitudes E

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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0 degrees latitude is also known as __________ 0 degrees longitude is also known as __________ ____&______ are used to represent Earth in 2-D Equator Prime Meridian Maps Charts

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Hands-on Activity- 1

Treasure Hunt

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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Hands-on Activity 1

Treasure Hunt This activity teaches use of coordinates to locate specific locations on the Earth.

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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  • Use Google maps to locate following coordinates of some famous

shipwrecks around the globe

  • Type given coordinates in the search bar in Google maps and locate

the point on the map.

  • Note down the details of locations in the observation column (e.g.

vicinity to any country, island, or any specific sea feature like Mariana Trench etc.)

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5 Minutes

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Watchdog: Bridge Control…Bridge Control … This is Watchdog … Bridge Control: Copy Watchdog….go ahead

Listen to / Read the following dialog carefully

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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Bridge Control: Copy Watchdog….go ahead Watchdog: Cruise located at Green090 Bridge Control: Copy Watchdog…Green090…Confirm… Watchdog: Green090, position locked…over and out

  • What do you think is going on in this situation?
  • What do you think is Green 90?
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Bearings

Can you identify the object shown in this picture?

Compass

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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Compass

What is the use of compass? Compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the Earth’s magnetic poles

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Navigation Prior to Compass

Which navigational tools were in practice before invention of compass?

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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With the help of starts like the Pole star and constellations like Big Dipper (Ursa Major) But these techniques had inherent limitations as far as intercontinental travels were concerned

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  • 4 Cardinal Points N E W S

Red marking on compass dial indicates Magnetic North of the Earth

Using Compass..

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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  • 4 Quarters, each measuring 900
  • Angular bearing is measured

clockwise

  • e.g. 113 ESE
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  • In marine navigation, starboard

bearings are 'green‘

Bearings in Ship Navigation

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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  • and port bearings are 'red‘
  • e.g. ship navigation, a target

directly off the starboard side would be 'Green090' or 'G090

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Check on Learning

True or False

  • Compass uses principle of Earth’s magnetic field True
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  • The pole star, Big Dipper, Little Dipper can be used for finding
  • ut directions
  • Green 45 represents bearing of an object on the left side of the

ship

  • The correct procedure to use compass to measure bearing is by

keeping it on iron table and then reading the bearing True False False

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Hands-on Activity- 2

SOS

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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Hands – on Activity 2 SOS

Watchdog: Bridge Control…Bridge Control … This is Watchdog …

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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g g g g Bridge Control: Copy Watchdog….go ahead Watchdog: Cruise located at Green090 Bridge Control: Copy Watchdog…Green090…Confirm… Watchdog: Green090, position locked…over and out

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Use compass to find out bearings of other ships

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Use of Coordinates to Find Out Distance

N N

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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If coordinates of two points are known, we can calculate linear distance between those two points

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If Point 1 has coordinates (a1, b1) If Point 2 has coordinates (a2, b2) Then the distance between these two points is given by -

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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Cos -1{ Cos[a1] Cos[b1] Cos[a2] Cos[b2] + Cos[a1] Sin[b1] Cos[a2] Sin[b2] + Sin[a1] Sin[a2]}

http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/51711.html

360 * 2Pi * r r = Radius of Earth

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Example Lets Calculate Distance between San Francisco and Paris San Francisco N 370 37’

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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W 1220 22’ Paris N 480 44’ E 020 23’ West Longitude means negative values of b South Latitude means negative values of A

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5 Minutes

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Hands-on Activity- 3

Around the World in 30 Minutes

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Hands-on Activity 3

Around the World in 30 Minutes

  • You are provided with a world map showing latitudes and

longitudes

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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longitudes

  • Plot following locations on the given map
  • Join all the points and see if you get any shipping route
  • Also calculate distance between the two points and hence total

distance between point of origin and final destination

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Till now we have learned-

  • How to locate point on the maps with the help of coordinates
  • How to use compass to measure bearings
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  • How to calculate distances between points using bearings

Now Let us DIVE But WAIT..!!!!!!! What about the tremendous water pressure down there?

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This pressure is called as Hydrostatic Pressure Pressure at the Titanic Wreck site is 378 atm. This is 378 times the current pressure of air in this room

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Hydrostatic Pressure increases with the depth of ocean We need strong cover that can withstand this pressure

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Hydrostatic Pressure

  • Water exerts pressure on everything that sinks in it
  • Pressure increases with depth
  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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  • It can be calculated by x g x h

Where is density of water (kg/m3) g is gravitational acceleration (m/s2) h is depth (m)

ρ ρ

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Using the formula for hydrostatic pressure, calculate the pressure at the following locations and prepare a bar chart

  • Lake Superior – 180 meter
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  • Calypso Deep (Mediterranean) – 5267 meter
  • Puerto Rico Trench in Atlantic – 8605 meter
  • Mariana Trench in Pacific – 10,911 meter
  • Java Trench in Indian Ocean – 7258 meter

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We have reached the bottom of the Ocean Hey…But it is pitch black here, I can’t see anything

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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NOW WHAT?

Lets use SONAR…… What is that?

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SONAR is an acronym for… Sound Navigation and Ranging

  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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Sound waves transmitted by sender bounce back from the

  • bject in their path and are detected by the receiver
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Velocity = Distance Traveled Time = 2 * r Time Formula to Calculate Distance of an Object Using SONAR

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Time Time Why the distance between the object and source of sound multiplied by 2?

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Speed of Sound Speed of Sound depends on the density of material it is travelling in Speed of Sound in air at 20 deg C = 343 m /s S d f S d i 20 d C 1484 /

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4388 + (11.25 × temperature (in °F)) + (0.0182 × depth (in feet)) + salinity (in parts- per-thousand ). Speed of Sound in water at 20 deg C = 1484 m /s Speed of Sound in water can be calculated by

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5 Minutes

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Simulate an Underwater Glider in SCRATCH

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Review of Topics

  • Overview- Shipwreck Salvage Operations
  • Locate Points on Maps
  • Dr. Alok K. Verma & Ameya Erande Lean Institute - ODU

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  • Latitudes and Longitudes
  • Compass and Bearings
  • Bearings in Ship Navigation
  • Hydrostatic Pressure
  • SONAR
  • Class Project using SCRATCH