Data base with ca. 60.000 records ! Concentrations data and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

data base with ca 60 000 records
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Data base with ca. 60.000 records ! Concentrations data and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Data base with ca. 60.000 records ! Concentrations data and uncertainty data for PM10, PM2.5 and 61 chemical components From 10 different measurement stations, Winter-2007, summer-2008, winter 2009 More than 60 major source types (own


slide-1
SLIDE 1

Data base with ca. 60.000 records !

  • Concentrations data and uncertainty data

for PM10, PM2.5 and 61 chemical components

  • From 10 different measurement stations,

Winter-2007, summer-2008, winter 2009

  • More than 60 major source types (own

data and literature data)

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Apportionment of pollution sources

Characterization of chemical compounds in air pollution and significant sources

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Mass fraction of a chemical compound in the emissions from each source type Receptor concentrations, with appropriate uncertainty estimates RM calculates values for the contributions from each source and the uncertainties of those values

slide-4
SLIDE 4

We used an array of multivariate statistical analysis for RM Multiple linear regression Enrichment factor Eigenvectors (PCA, FA,…) (Edge detection - UNMIX) Positive matrix factorization (PMF) Chemical mass balance (CMB)

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Final source apportionment results as statistical distributions

Many individual estimates of source contributions and uncertainties

  • Probabilistic uncertainty characterization
slide-6
SLIDE 6

Accumulated probability function

slide-7
SLIDE 7

What results did we obtain?

slide-8
SLIDE 8

20 40 60 80 100 120

PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 MI-ks MI-ks MI-ub MI-ub MI-ub MI-ub- summer BS-ub BS-ub BG-ub SA-ub MN-ub MN-ub CA-ub CA-ub LO-rb LO-rb PV-rb PV-rb SO-ub SO-ub 2007 2009 2007 2009 2009 2007 2007 2009 2007 2009 2007 2009 2007 2009 2007 2009 2007 2009 2007 2009

g/m3

Secondary (aged) aerosol Wood Burning Carbonaceous soil resuspension (mixed) Sand/dust resuspension (traffic related) Traffic (brake and tire-ware) Observed PM

Source contributions to PM10 and PM2.5 at the 10 sites in Lombardy

slide-9
SLIDE 9
slide-10
SLIDE 10

During winter it contributes with: 33-47% of the PM10 mass (

, 2007)

41-57% of the PM2.5 mass (

2009)

Secondary aerosol is a main contributor to PM in Lombardy

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Dynamics of secondary aerosol formation after a clean-air episodes. Milan, winter-2009

PM10

50 100 150 200 250

12/02/09 00:01 13/02/09 00:01 14/02/09 00:01 15/02/09 00:01 16/02/09 00:01 17/02/09 00:01 18/02/09 00:01 19/02/09 00:01 20/02/09 00:01 21/02/09 00:01 22/02/09 00:01 23/02/09 00:01 24/02/09 00:01 25/02/09 00:01 26/02/09 00:01 27/02/09 00:01 28/02/09 00:01 01/03/09 00:01 02/03/09 00:01 03/03/09 00:01 04/03/09 00:01

g/m3 Secondary Aerosol Biomass Burning Calcareous soil and lime resuspension Sand/dust resuspension (traffic related) Brake and tirewear + vehicle exhaust

PM2.5

50 100 150 200 250

12/02/09 00:01 13/02/09 00:01 14/02/09 00:01 15/02/09 00:01 16/02/09 00:01 17/02/09 00:01 18/02/09 00:01 19/02/09 00:01 20/02/09 00:01 21/02/09 00:01 22/02/09 00:01 23/02/09 00:01 24/02/09 00:01 25/02/09 00:01 26/02/09 00:01 27/02/09 00:01 28/02/09 00:01 01/03/09 00:01 02/03/09 00:01 03/03/09 00:01 04/03/09 00:01

g/m3 Secondary Aerosol Biomass Burning Calcareous soil and lime resuspension Sand/dust resuspension (traffic related) Brake and tirewear + vehicle exhaust

slide-12
SLIDE 12

Secondary aerosol important everywhere !

Milano VM

50 100 150 200 17/02/09 18/02/09 19/02/09 20/02/09 21/02/09 22/02/09 23/02/09 24/02/09 25/02/09 26/02/09 27/02/09 28/02/09 01/03/09 02/03/09 03/03/09 04/03/09 05/03/09 06/03/09 07/03/09 08/03/09 g/m3

Brescia

50 100 150 200 19/02/09 00:01 20/02/09 00:01 21/02/09 00:01 22/02/09 00:01 23/02/09 00:01 24/02/09 00:01 25/02/09 00:01 26/02/09 00:01 27/02/09 00:01 28/02/09 00:01 01/03/09 00:01 02/03/09 00:01 03/03/09 00:01 04/03/09 00:01 05/03/09 00:01 12/03/09 00:01 13/03/09 00:01 14/03/09 00:01 15/03/09 00:01 16/03/09 17/03/09 g/m3

Mantova

50 100 150 200 13/02/09 00:01 14/02/09 00:01 15/02/09 00:01 16/02/09 00:01 17/02/09 00:01 18/02/09 00:01 19/02/09 00:01 20/02/09 00:01 21/02/09 00:01 22/02/09 00:01 23/02/09 00:01 24/02/09 00:01 25/02/09 00:01 26/02/09 00:01 27/02/09 00:01 28/02/09 00:01 01/03/09 00:01 02/03/09 00:01 03/03/09 00:01 05/03/09 00:01 g/m3

Sannazzaro de Burgondi (PV) )

50 100 150 200 13/02/09 00:01 14/02/09 00:01 15/02/09 00:01 16/02/09 00:01 17/02/09 00:01 18/02/09 00:01 19/02/09 00:01 20/02/09 00:01 21/02/09 00:01 22/02/09 00:01 23/02/09 00:01 24/02/09 00:01 25/02/09 00:01 26/02/09 00:01 27/02/09 00:01 28/02/09 00:01 01/03/09 00:01 02/03/09 00:01 03/03/09 00:01 04/03/09 00:01 g/m3
slide-13
SLIDE 13

Primary traffic emissions

slide-14
SLIDE 14

During winter engine exhaust, brake/tyre wear, and re-suspended road dust contributes with: 23-26% of the PM10 mass (

2007)

17-22% of the PM2.5 mass (

2009)

Primary road transport (traffic) emissions:

slide-15
SLIDE 15

Primary emissions Can we apportion secondary aerosol? Secondary (NOX, NH3, SOX, HC)

slide-16
SLIDE 16

Inemar database

NOX (gas)  NO3

– (particle)

slide-17
SLIDE 17

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% PM10 PM2.5 Secondary Primary

Road transport is the major culprit !

Contributes half of the PM pollution in Lombardy

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Primary wood burning emissions

slide-19
SLIDE 19

During winter wood (biomass) burning is the third most important primary PM source: 11-13% of the PM10 mass (

2007)

12-19% of the PM2.5 mass (

2009)

Residential heating by wood burning:

slide-20
SLIDE 20

Other primary sources are minor and local

  • soil re-suspension
  • cement production
  • residential heating with fuel oil
  • road salting
slide-21
SLIDE 21

Wood burning significantly higher 37-51% of the PM10 mass (

2007)

25-43% of the PM2.5 mass (

2009)

Secondary aerosol significantly lower 16-30% of the PM10 mass (

2007)

9-29% of the PM2.5 mass (

2009)

Valtelline Valley (Sondrio):

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Average annual contributions to PM10 in the Lombardy Region

slide-23
SLIDE 23

Three words about ozone

slide-24
SLIDE 24

In 2011 WHO has reduced its 8-h guideline limit to 100 μg/m3 based on recent conclusive associations between daily mortality and ozone levels

  • ccurring at ozone concentrations below

120 µg/m3.

WHO (2011):

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Several European studies have reported that the daily mortality can be reduced by 0.3% and that for heart diseases by 0.4 %, per 10 µg/m3 decrease in ozone exposure.

WHO (2011):

slide-26
SLIDE 26

The black spots on the ozone map of Europe (2008) EEA Data

slide-27
SLIDE 27

Source apportionment of ozone precursor hydrocarbons

  • 9 stations from 2003-2008 in Po Plain
  • 32 hydrocarbons, receptor modelling
slide-28
SLIDE 28

Vehicle exhaust responsible for 50-80% of atmospheric ozone formation in Po Plain

slide-29
SLIDE 29

La nostra ricerca ha mostrato che per affrontare l’inquinamento da particolato e ozono nella regione Lombardia, devono essere progettate strategie di abbattimento che inevitabilmente intervengano sul trasporto su strada e sulle emissioni gassose di NOx dall’industria, dalla produzione di energia, e dalla combustione di gas naturale. La forte componente secondaria del particolato e l’interdipendenza dell’inquinamento nell’intera Pianura Padana, a causa delle particolari condizioni meteorologiche, implicano che solo poco puo’ essere guadagnato da misure di mitigazione locale e di breve termine come i blocchi del traffico ad-hoc durante picchi di inquinamento o restrizioni al traffico in zone confinate delle citta’. Strategie coordinate di abbattimento su larga scala e a lungo termine sono richieste.

Quali sono le implicazioni dei nostri risultati sulle strategie di abbattimento dell’inquinamento dell’aria?

slide-30
SLIDE 30

L’abbattimento delle emissioni dei trasporti attraverso il rinnovo del parco veicoli (Euro 5 per veicoli leggeri, Euro 6 per quelli pesanti) e’ essenziale, ma puo’ non essere sufficiente per ridurre l’inquinamento da particolato sotto i limiti per il PM10 e PM 2.5 . Con le tecnologie di trattamento degli scarichi disponibili oggi, una riduzione delle emissioni di particolato e’ accompagnata da un aumento delle emissioni di NOx, che a sua volta implica un aumento vertiginoso delle concentrazioni di particelle secondarie in atmosfera. Oltretutto, rinnovare il parco veicoli non influisce su due caratteristiche significative delle emissioni da trasporto su strada, vale a dire l’usura di freni/pneumatici e la risospensione della polvere stradale dovuta al traffico. Si prevede che sia necessaria una riduzione del parco veicoli (numero di veicoli e/o numero di chilometri percorsi).

Quali sono le implicazioni dei nostri risultati sulle strategie di abbattimento dell’inquinamento dell’aria?

slide-31
SLIDE 31

L’applicazione del divieto gia’ esistente in Pianura Padana riguardo la combustione inefficiente di legna per il riscaldamento residenziale puo’ ridurre la concentrazione annuale media di particolato fino a 5 g/m3. L’implementazione di un divieto sulla combustione di biomassa/legna in Valtellina avrebbe un effetto piu’ accentuato che non in Pianura Padana e sarebbe un passo significativo verso l’abbattimento del benzo(a)pirene, che eccede

  • gni anno il limite EU di 1 ng/m3.

Quali sono le implicazioni dei nostri risultati sulle strategie di abbattimento dell’inquinamento dell’aria?