Darwin, self-organization and molecules Peter Schuster Institut fr - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
darwin self organization and molecules
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Darwin, self-organization and molecules Peter Schuster Institut fr - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 24, 2022 375 likes •822 views

Darwin, self-organization and molecules Peter Schuster Institut fr Theoretische Chemie, Universitt Wien, Austria and The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA Darwin and the Origin of Life San Sebastian - Donostia, 22.05.2009

slide-1
SLIDE 1
slide-2
SLIDE 2

Darwin, self-organization and molecules

Peter Schuster

Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Wien, Austria and The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA

Darwin and the Origin of Life San Sebastian - Donostia, 22.05.2009

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Web-Page for further information: http://www.tbi.univie.ac.at/~pks

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Color patterns on animal skins and wings

slide-5
SLIDE 5

1. Pattern formation in physics and chemistry 2. Pattern formation in biology 3. Darwins natural selection and the origin of life 4. Molecular biology and evolution 5. Evolution in the test tube 6. Complexity in biology

slide-6
SLIDE 6

1. Pattern formation in physics and chemistry 2. Pattern formation in biology 3. Darwins natural selection and the origin of life 4. Molecular biology and evolution 5. Evolution in the test tube 6. Complexity in biology

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Alan M. Turing, 1912-1954 Change in local concentration = = diffusion + chemical reaction

A.M. Turing. 1952. The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Phil.Trans.Roy.Soc.London B 237:37-72.

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction 1959 Liesegang rings 1895 Turing pattern: Boissonade, De Kepper 1990 Pattern formation through chemical self-organization:

Liesegang rings through precipitation from oversaturated solutions, space-time patterns of the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction, and stationary Turing pattern.

slide-9
SLIDE 9

1. Pattern formation in physics and chemistry 2. Pattern formation in biology 3. Darwins natural selection and the origin of life 4. Molecular biology and evolution 5. Evolution in the test tube 6. Complexity in biology

slide-10
SLIDE 10

mother

presumptive father daughter

Skin patterns in an inbred strain of cats Parents and daughter

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Bates‘ mimicry Müller‘s mimicry Different forms of mimicry observed in nature

slide-12
SLIDE 12

Bates‘ mimicry

milk snake false coral snake

Different forms of mimicry observed in nature Emsley‘s or Mertens‘ mimicry

coral snake

slide-13
SLIDE 13

1. Pattern formation in physics and chemistry 2. Pattern formation in biology 3. Darwins natural selection and the origin of life 4. Molecular biology and evolution 5. Evolution in the test tube 6. Complexity in biology

slide-14
SLIDE 14

Three necessary conditions for Darwinian evolution:

  • 1. Multiplication
  • 2. Variation
  • 3. Selection

Empirically recognized principle of natural selection

slide-15
SLIDE 15

1 .

1 1 2

= − = f f f s

Two variants with a mean progeny of ten or eleven descendants

slide-16
SLIDE 16

01 . , 02 . , 1 . ; 1 ) ( , 9999 ) (

2 1

= = = s N N

Selection of advantageous mutants in populations of N = 10 000 individuals

slide-17
SLIDE 17

time

Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, 6th edition. Everyman‘s Library, Vol.811, Dent London, pp.121-122.

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Modern phylogenetic tree: Lynn Margulis, Karlene V. Schwartz. Five Kingdoms. An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1982.

slide-19
SLIDE 19

1. Pattern formation in physics and chemistry 2. Pattern formation in biology 3. Darwins natural selection and the origin of life 4. Molecular biology and evolution 5. Evolution in the test tube 6. Complexity in biology

slide-20
SLIDE 20

Genotype, Genome

GCGGATTTAGCTCAGTTGGGAGAGCGCCAGACTGAAGATCTGGAGGTCCTGTGTTCGATCCACAGAATTCGCACCA

Phenotype

Unfolding of the genotype

genetics epigenetics environment biochemistry molecular biology structural biology molecular evolution molecular genetics systems biology bioinfomatics

Gerhard Braunitzer hemoglobin sequence

systems biology ‘the new biology is the chemistry of living matter’

Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl molecular evolution Manfred Eigen James D. Watson und Francis H.C. Crick DNA structure

DNA RNA

Thomas Cech RNA catalysis Max Perutz John Kendrew

protein

slide-21
SLIDE 21

James D. Watson, 1928-, and Francis H.C. Crick, 1916-2004 Nobel prize 1962

1953 – 2003 fifty years double helix The three-dimensional structure of a short double helical stack of B-DNA

slide-22
SLIDE 22
slide-23
SLIDE 23

DNA structure and DNA replication

slide-24
SLIDE 24

Point mutation

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Point mutation

slide-26
SLIDE 26

Point mutation

slide-27
SLIDE 27

Reconstruction of phylogenies through comparison of molecular sequence data

slide-28
SLIDE 28

1. Pattern formation in physics and chemistry 2. Pattern formation in biology 3. Darwins natural selection and the origin of life 4. Molecular biology and evolution 5. Evolution in the test tube 6. Complexity in biology

slide-29
SLIDE 29

RNA sample Stock solution: Q RNA-replicase, ATP, CTP, GTP and UTP, buffer ฀ Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 69 70

  • Application of the serial transfer technique to RNA-evolution in the test tube
slide-30
SLIDE 30

An example of ‘artificial selection’ with RNA molecules or ‘breeding’ of biomolecules

slide-31
SLIDE 31

tobramycin RNA aptamer, n = 27

Formation of secondary structure of the tobramycin binding RNA aptamer with KD = 9 nM

  • L. Jiang, A. K. Suri, R. Fiala, D. J. Patel, Saccharide-RNA recognition in an aminoglycoside antibiotic-

RNA aptamer complex. Chemistry & Biology 4:35-50 (1997)

slide-32
SLIDE 32

The three-dimensional structure of the tobramycin aptamer complex

  • L. Jiang, A. K. Suri, R. Fiala, D. J. Patel,

Chemistry & Biology 4:35-50 (1997)

slide-33
SLIDE 33

1. Pattern formation in physics and chemistry 2. Pattern formation in biology 3. Darwins natural selection and the origin of life 4. Molecular biology and evolution 5. Evolution in the test tube 6. Complexity in biology

slide-34
SLIDE 34

The bacterial cell as an example for a simple form of autonomous life Escherichia coli genome: 4 million nucleotides 4460 genes The structure of the bacterium Escherichia coli

slide-35
SLIDE 35

August Weismann, 1834-1914 Separation of germ line and soma

slide-36
SLIDE 36

Cascades, A B C ... , and networks of genetic control Turing pattern resulting from reaction- diffusion equation ? Intercelluar communication creating positional information

Development of the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster: Genetics, experiment, and imago

slide-37
SLIDE 37
  • E. coli:

Genome length 4×106 nucleotides Number of cell types 1 Number of genes 4 460 Four books, 300 pages each Man: Genome length 3×109 nucleotides Number of cell types 200 Number of genes 30 000 A library of 3000 volumes, 300 pages each Complexity in biology

slide-38
SLIDE 38

Wolfgang Wieser. 1998. ‚Die Erfindung der Individualität‘ oder ‚Die zwei Gesichter der Evolution‘. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1998

slide-39
SLIDE 39

(RELATIVE BRAIN MASS x 1000)2/3

BRITISH TIT

Alan C. Wilson.1985. The molecular basis of evolution. Scientific American 253(4):148-157.

slide-40
SLIDE 40

Evolution does not design with the eyes of an engineer, evolution works like a tinkerer.

François Jacob. The Possible and the Actual. Pantheon Books, New York, 1982, and Evolutionary tinkering. Science 196 (1977), 1161-1166.

slide-41
SLIDE 41

The difficulty to define the notion of „gene”. Helen Pearson, Nature 441: 399-401, 2006

slide-42
SLIDE 42

ENCODE Project Consortium. Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project. Nature 447:799-816, 2007

ENCODE stands for ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements.

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Web-Page for further information: http://www.tbi.univie.ac.at/~pks

slide-44
SLIDE 44