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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List Crediting Sources Lectures 6 Lucia Milone LUISS Guido Carli, Rome April 7th, 2014 Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List References for this

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Crediting Sources

Lectures 6

Lucia Milone

LUISS Guido Carli, Rome

April 7th, 2014

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

References for this lecture

The following slides are based1 on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association [thereon, (APA)] Sixth Edition (2010). Refer to Chapter 6 (“Crediting Sources”), and Chapter 7 (“Reference Examples” - not directly covered by this set of slides).

1with minor exceptions signalled in the text.

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Why and When to Cite

Does anybody have directly affected your work?

→ “help readers place your contribution in context by citing the researchers who influenced you”. Sources may provide (key) background information. support or dispute your thesis. provide critical definitions. provide data. “The number of sources you cite in your work will vary by the intent of the article”.

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, p.169]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Plagiarism

Figure : Student Desk - Humanities (Utrecht University)

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Plagiarism (cont’d)

Figure : Student Desk - Humanities (Utrecht University)

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Suggested Website

Figure : Purdue Online Writing Lab

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Quotation

“Reproduce word by word material directly quoted from another author’s work” Be accurate (even if the source is incorrect). Changes that are allowed: 1 Requiring NO explanation: uppercase/lowercase of the first word in the quotation. punctuation at the end. type of quotation mark. 2 Requiring explanation:

mitting material

a) within a sentence: (...), i.e., three points. b) between two sentences: (....), i.e. four points. c) as a general rule, do not use ellipsis points at the beginning or end of any quotation (exceptions allowed). inserting material use brackets instead of parentheses to include explanation. adding emphasis insert within brackets [emphasis added]. Do not omit citations embedded within the original material you are quoting. (the works cited need not be included in the list of reference). Cite permission to quote, reprint and/or adapt.

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.06/6.07/6.08/6.09/6.10, pp.172–173.]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Quotation

1 Less than 40 words: in-text. Author (Year) suggested that “...quotation... ” (pages), ...text... . “ ... quotation ... ” (Author, Year, pages) . 2 More than 40 words: freestanding block of text.

mit the quotation marks.

double-space the entire quotation. parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark: ... quotation ... . (Author, Year, pages) if the quoted source is cited in the sentence introducing the block quote,

nly the page or paragraph number is needed at the end of the quotation:

In Year, Author ... text ... .(pages) If no pagination is provided (e.g., online material), in the parenthetical citation: use number of paragraph (with abbreviation para). add heading (if any). if the heading/title is too long, use a short title enclosed in quotation marks.

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.03 - pp.170–171 and Ch.6, 6.05 - p.172. See also the suggested website: Purdue Online Writing Lab]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Paraphrasing

APA style encourages to provide a page or paragraph number.

Figure : Source of the example: Purdue Online Writing Lab

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

In-text Citations

in-text: author-date citation system. each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and viceversa. Exception: (a) references to classical work, and (b) references to personal communications.

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, p.174]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

In-text Citations (cont’d)

One Work by One Author

1 The author is given as part of the narrative: Author (Year) found ...

[cite only the publication date in parentheses] 2

The author is given at the end of the sentence: ... (Author , Year) .

[name of the author and year, separated by a comma, in parentheses] 3

Both the author and the year are given as part of the narrative: In Date, Author found ...

[do not add parenthetical information]

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.11 - p.174]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

In-text Citations (cont’d)

One Work by Multiple Authors

First citation Subsequent citations in text in text up to five Author1, Author2, ... , Author1 et al. (Year) authors and AuthorLAST (Year) six or more Author1 et al. (Year) Author1 et al. (Year) authors Parenthetical format

(first citation in text) (subsequent citations in text)

up to five (Author1, Author2, ..., (Author1 et al. , Year) authors & AuthorLAST , Year) six or more (Author1 et al., Year) (Author1 et al., Year) authors

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.12 - p.175, adaptation of Table 6.1 p.177]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

In-text Citations (cont’d)

One Work by Multiple Authors (cont’d)

Exception:

“if two references of more than three surnames with the same year shorten to the same form cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and et al. ”

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.12 - p.175]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

In-text Citations (cont’d)

Groups as Authors

Groups: corporations, associations, government agencies, and study groups.

You have two (alternative) options: 1 spell them out each time they appear in a text citation, or 2 spell them out the first time in which they appear in a text citation, abbreviate thereafter.

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.13 -p.176]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

In-text Citations (cont’d)

Groups as Authors (cont’d)

First citation Subsequent citations in text in text Groups International Monetary IMF (Year) (identified Fund ( IMF , Year) through abbreviation) Groups University of Milan (Year) University of Milan (Year) (no abbreviation) Parenthetical format (first citation) (subsequent citations) Groups (International Monetary (IMF, Year) (identified Fund [IMF] , Year) through abbreviation) Groups (University of Milan, Year) (University of Milan, Year) (no abbreviation)

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.13 - p.176, adaptation of Table 6.1 p.177]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

In-text Citations (cont’d)

Two or More Works Within the Same Parentheses

Two or more works by ... ... different authors: alphabetical order (as in the Reference List), separate the citations with semicolons. (Author1, Year ; Author2 & Author3, Year) Exception: if you have a major citation, ( Author1, Year ; see also Author2, year; Author3, Year) ... the same author: chronological order (in press citations last) (Author1, Year1, Year2, in press ) ... the same author and with the same publication date: use suffixes a,b,c, and so forth, after the year; repeat the year. (Author1, Year1a, Year1b )

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.16 - p.178]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

In-text Citations (cont’d)

Other cases

Authors With the Same Surname

Include the first author’s initials in all text citations: e.g., N. Surname (Year)

No Identified Author2

1 cite in the text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. title of an article, a chapter, or a webpage: double quotation marks. title of a periodical, a book a brochure, or a report: italicize. 2 cite in the text the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the date: e.g., (Anonymous, Year)

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.14/6.15 - p.176] 2References to legal materials are treated as works with no author.

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

In-text Citations (cont’d)

Other cases

Secondary Sources

use secondary sources only if (really) needed (e.g., out of print, non available in English, etc.) Author1’s work ( as cited in Author2, Year)

Specific Part of a Source

(Author , Year, Chapter X , p. xx)

Personal Communications

cite personal communication in text only. (Initials Surname, personal communication, Exact Date, Year) e.g., (V.-G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1998) (Source of the example: (APA), p.179)

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.17/6.19/6.20 - pp.178–179]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Reference List vs. Bibliography

1 Reference List cites materials that are specifically related to your work. 2 Bibliography cites works for background or for further reading.

[ref. (APA), Footnote 1, p.180]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Reference List

General Advices:

Check carefully (spelling!). Abbreviations:

Figure : Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab

Arabic numerals (instead of Roman numerals) to indicate volume numbers of books and journals. Consistency in reference style. [ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.22 - p.180]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Reference List (cont’d) - Order of References in the Reference List

Alphabetical order by the surname of the first author3, followed by initials. Alphabetize letter by letter: “nothing precedes something”.

Special cases4:

1 More than one work by the same first author: by year of publication.

ne-author entries precede multiple-author entries.

if more than one author and same first author: arrange alphabetically by the surname of the second author. same author and same publication date: arrange alphabetically by title. Exception: articles in a series. 2 Different authors with the same surname: arrange alphabetically by first initial. 3 Group authors: alphabetically by the first significant word of the (official) name. 4 No Authors: depending on your choice about in-text citation, (a) use Anonymous as a true name and arrange alphabetically or (b) arrange alphabetically by title. legal references: alphabetically by the first significant item in the entry (word or abbreviation).

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.25 - p.181–183] 3Attention with authors from Eastern countries. 4Similar to what we have seen about in-text citations.

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Reference List

Reference Components

Author(s) Same surname and first initial: author’s full first name may be given in

brackets. E.g.,

Janet, P. [Paul]. Janet, P. [Pierre]. Author’s first name hyphenated: retain the hyphen and include a period after each initial. e.g., (source (APA), p.184) Lamour, J.-B. Use commas to separate: authors. surnames and initials. initials and suffixes. Ampersand if more than one author. Group author: spell out the full name. Editor(s) Author, A.A. (Year). Title of the Chapter. In E.E. Editor ( Ed. ), Title of the book (pp. xx–xx). Location: Publisher.

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.27–6.32 - pp.183–192]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Reference List

Reference Components (cont’d)

Publication Date Year of publication in parentheses. For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers: exact date. (i.e., year, month, and day). For materials presented at a Conference: cite name, location, year and month of the meeting. For materials accepted for publication: write (in press) in parentheses. If no date is available: write (n.d.). If uncertain: write (Year ca.) Title: add any additional useful information to identify the publication, finish the element with a period. Tips on formatting: Article/Chapter: capitalize only the first word, do not italicize, do not place quotation marks. Journals, newsletters, magazines: uppercase and lowercase letters, italicize. Books and reports: capitalize only the first word, italicize.

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.27–6.32 - pp.183–192]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List

Reference List

Reference Components (cont’d)

Publication Information Give the volume number after the periodical title, italicize it, do not use

Vol. before the number.

Give the journal issue number (if available). Finish the element with a period. Books and Reports: give the location, use a colon after the location, give the name of the publisher in as brief a form as is intellegible. When author is also the publisher, use Author to indicate the publisher. Electronic Sources url DOI

[ref. (APA), Ch.6, 6.27–6.32 - pp.183–192]

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Plagiarism Quotation Paraphrasing In-text Citation Reference List