Corn Silage Evaluation: MILK2000 Challenges & Opportunities - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Corn Silage Evaluation: MILK2000 Challenges & Opportunities With MILK2006

Professor Randy Shaver

Department of Dairy Science University of Wisconsin - Madison University of Wisconsin - Extension

80 to 98% starch digestibility

• Kernel maturity
• Kernel particle size
• Endosperm properties

40 to 70% NDFD

• lignin/NDF

Grain ~40-45% of WPDM Stover= ~55-60% of WPDM

Leaves = 15% of DM Stem = 20-25% of DM Cob+Shank+Husk= 20% of DM

Whole-Plant Corn Silage

• Avg. 28% starch in WPDM
• Variable grain:stover

Adapted from Joe Lauer, UW Agronomy

NRC (2001) Dairy TDN

TDN 1-X =

tdCP + (tdFA x 2.25) + tdNDF + tdNFC -7

Why measure NDFD in vitro vs. calculating via lignin?

Lignin wet chem assay difficult & its calibration

with NIRS has been poor

Lignin to NDFD equation is theoretically based Lignin explains only about half of the in vitro

NDFD variation

Stover NDF & lignin contents & NDFD with

maturity, while WP NDF & lignin contents are constant or as grain% increases

5 10 15 20 25 Alfalfa R2 = 0.56 Corn Silage R2 = 0.54 In vitro NDF digestibility, %, 30h 70 60 50 40 30 20 Lignin, % of NDF Corn silage: 3-9% Alfalfa: 11-20 %

Relationship between lignified NDF and in vitro NDFD for corn & alfalfa forages

Allen, 2003

30-h NDFD (adapted from Allen, 2003) vs. NDF digestibility calculated using NRC-01 lignin equation

53 57 62

Calculated NDFD

30 4.2 45 3.1 60 2.1

30-h NDFD Whole-Plant Lignin, % DM

Measured NDFD or Estimated from Lignin?

56 57 57 57 56

• Calc. NDFD

46.0 3.52 45.0 67.3 3.43 45.0 55.0 3.18 45.1 54.4 3.32 45.0 48.4 3.26 45.0 30-h NDFD Lignin, % NDF, %

Corn silage data set from Van Amburgh (2004) Similar relationships from 36.5 to 51.8% NDF

Adapted from: Rick Grant, NRAES Silage Conf., 2006

The incubation time-point debate

48-hr.

Reflects maintenance

intake for use in NRC summative equation

Less influenced by lag

& rate, so possibly lower COV

30- or 24-hr.

30-h more closely

related to ruminal retention time

30-h was used in

most cow trials

Faster lab turn-around Better lab efficiency at

24-h?

The incubation time-point debate

MILK2000

48-h

MILK2006

48-h default, with 30-h or 24-h

User Defined Option

Lab average NDFD required

NDFD DMIadjustment =

(avg. NDFD – NDFD) * 0.26 NDFD adjustment for summative

TDN1x equation

100 200 300 400 500 600 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Time (hours) NDF Residue (g kg-1)

F657 bm3 P33A14 TMF113 WQS C0 WQS C1 WQS C2

TMF113 Predicted F657 bm3 Predicted WQS C2 Predicted P33A14 Predicted WQS C0 Predicted WQS C1 Predicted

Adapted from Coors (data from Justen, 2004).

Variation in “normal “ corn silage NDF digestibility calculated using NRC-01 lignin equation and table data

56 4.2 (2stdev) 56 3.4 (1 stdev) 59 2.6 (avg.) 61 1.8 (1stdev) 65 1.0 (2stdev)

Calculated NDFD Whole-Plant Lignin, % DM

NDFD -- MILK2000 vs. MILK2006

MILK2000

A 1%-unit change in NDFD from lab average NDFD changes DMI 0.37 lb

(Oba and Allen, 1999, JDS)

Double counting of TDN & DMI changes related to changes in NDFD

Tine et al. (2001, JDS) and Oba and Allen (1999, JDS)

At production levels of intake, NDFD has minimal impact on NEL

content but does impact NEL intake primarily thru its impact on DMI

Calculation of NEL-3x from TDN1x as per NRC (1989)

MILK2006

A 1%-unit change in NDFD from lab average NDFD changes DMI 0.26 lb

(Jung, 2004, MN Nutr. Conf.; Oba and Allen, 2005, Tri-State Nutr. Conf.)

NDFD used for calculating NEL-3x adjusted for impact of NDFD on DMI

(Oba and Allen, JDS, 1999)

Calculation of NEL-3x from TDN1x via DE and ME as per NRC (2001)

0.75 0.69 0.81 0.69 0.66 0.73

0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 46 50 54 58 62 66 70

NDFD%

M ca l/ lb .

Corn Silage NDFD% vs. NEL3x

Calculated assuming corn silage with 35% DM proc., 27% starch, 45% NDF, and 58% avg. NDFD

MILK2006 MILK2000

3579 3237 4065 3074 2936 3530

2900 3200 3500 3800 4100 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 46 50 54 58 62 66 70

NDFD%

lb . M ilk / t o n Cs D M

Corn Silage NDFD% vs. Milk per Ton

Calculated assuming corn silage with 35% DM proc., 27% starch, 45% NDF, and 58% avg. NDFD

MILK2006 MILK2000

NRC (2001) Dairy TDN

TDN 1-X =

tdCP + (tdFA x 2.25) + tdNDF + tdNFC -7

NRC (2001) Dairy TDN

tdNFC = NFC% x 0.98 x PAF

PAF

Corn grain, ground dry 1.00 Corn grain, ground high moisture 1.04 Corn silage, normal 0.94 Corn silage, mature 0.87

Schwab-Shaver Energy Equation

TDN1-x =

DIGCP + DIGFA + DIGStarch + DIGNSTNFC + DIGNDF – 7

Predicted Starch Digestibility

65 70 75 80 85 90 95 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 Whole plant DM (%) Starch digestibility (%)

Unprocessed Processed

Adapted from Schwab et al., 2003.

Differences in calculation of tdNFC

34 36 39 40 Unprocessed

Schwab et al., 2003 tdStarch&NSTNFC%

38 39 40 40 Processed 35 35 38 40

NRC-01 tdNFC%

45 40 35 30

WP DM %

Based on corn silage with 41% NFC & 28% starch

63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45

WP DM%

T D N %

Corn Silage WP DM% vs. TDN1x

Calculated assuming corn silage with 27% starch, 45% NDF, and 58% NDFD

Unprocessed Processed MILK2006

2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45

WP DM%

• lb. M ilk / t o n CS D M

Corn Silage WP DM% vs. Milk per Ton

Calculated assuming corn silage with 27% starch, 45% NDF, and 58% NDFD

Unprocessed Processed MILK2006

Evaluating Starch Digestion in Ruminants…………

I n Vivo…… Total Tract Collections & Digesta Markers Cannulae (Rumen, Duodenum, I leum) Macro I n Situ…. Rumen cannulae I ncubation time? Starch-Feeds cannot be fine ground Post-Ruminal Enzymatic? I n Vitro…. Rumen fluid I ncubation time ? Starch-Feeds cannot be fine ground Post-Ruminal Enzymatic?

Corn Silage Processing Score

Mertens, USDFRC & Dairyland Labs, Arcadia, WI

Ro-Tap Shaker

9 sieves (0.6 thru 19 mm) and pan Analyze for starch on 4.75 mm & greater sieves

% of starch passing 4.75 mm sieve CSPS >70% 70% to 50% < 50% Optimum Average Poor

Kernels and Large Fragments Were Retained on > 4.75-mm Sieves

US Dairy Forage Research Center USDA-ARS

65.5 66 66.5 67 67.5 68 68.5 69 69.5 45 55 65 75 KPS % T D N %

Corn Silage KPS vs. TDN1x

Calculated assuming corn silage with 40% DM 27% starch, 45% NDF, and 58% NDFD

MILK2006

Degree of Starch Access (DSA)

Blasel, Hoffman and Shaver, JAFST, 2006

Adaptation of food industry assay “Degree of Starch

Gelatinization”

Detects particle size, moisture, and vitreousness

differences in corn samples

Appears to offer better characterization of processed

corn silage samples than KPS

DSA can be related to total tract starch digestion

More animal validation data needed

Pilot study of assay across labs in progress

20 40 60 80 100 370 500 640 1100 3140 > 4000

Mean Particle Size, u m

Degree of Starch Access, % of starch

Particle Size P<0.0001

Blazel et al., 2005

r2 = 0.76

40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 62.0 67.0 72.0 77.0 82.0 87.0 92.0

Corn Dry Matter, % Degree of Starch Access, % of starch

Dry Matter P<0.0001

Blazel et al., 2005

DSA vs. Total Tract Starch Digestibility from Literature Sources

y = 0.198x + 76.9 R2 = 0.73 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Estimated DSA % T o ta l T ra c t S ta rc h D ig . %

Difference worth 3 lb. milk

63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 80 85 90 95 100 DSA % T D N %

Corn Silage DSA vs. TDN1x

Calculated assuming corn silage with 27% starch, 45% NDF, &58% NDFD

MILK2006

MI LK2006: Starch Digestion User Defined Options

Default

WP DM & Kernel Processing Regressions

KPS DSA Ruminal in situ plus post-ruminal in vitro

79.9 57.3 76.3 56.2

53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 TD N %

TDN1x Simulation -- I nput Extremes

LQ 45% DM unproc., 20% starch, 54% NDF, and 46% NDFD HQ 30% DM proc., 34% starch, 36% NDF, and 70% NDFD

MILK2000 MILK2006

4256 2418 3617 2242

2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 lb . M ilk / to n CS D M

Milk per Ton Simulation -- I nput Extremes

LQ 45% DM unproc., 20% starch, 54% NDF, and 46% NDFD HQ 30% DM proc., 34% starch, 36% NDF, and 70% NDFD

MILK2000 MILK2006

3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 LF HF LF HF lb . M ilk / t o n CS D M

Milk per Ton -- High NDF, NDFD vs. Low NDF, NDFD I van et al., JDS, 2005

LF 26% starch, 49% NDF, 58% NDFD HF 22% starch, 53% NDF, 67% NDFD MILK2000 MILK2006

168 132 297

100 150 200 250 300 HF - LF HF - LF HF - LF lb . M ilk / t o n CS D M

Milk per Ton -- High NDF, NDFD vs. Low NDF, NDFD I van et al., JDS, 2005

LF 26% starch, 49% NDF, 58% NDFD HF 22% starch, 53% NDF, 67% NDFD MILK2000 MILK2006 Calculated from animal data

Treatment differences for model-predicted milk per ton versus milk per ton from in vivo data

• 150
• 100
• 50

50 100 150 200 250 300

MILK2006 MILK2000

Calculated from 10 JDS papers with 13 comparisons

Treatment differences for model-predicted milk per day versus milk per day in vivo data

• 2.0
• 1.5
• 1.0
• 0.5

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

MILK2006 MILK2000

Calculated from 10 JDS papers with 13 comparisons

UW Correlations

n = 3727 treatment means

0.74 0.75 0.44 0.48 Starch

• 0.10

0.16 0.70 0.49 NDFD

• 0.27
• 0.25

0.21 0.30 StarchD

• 0.99
• 0.94
• 0.40
• 0.46

NDF Milk per Ton DM 1991 Milk per Ton DM 1995 Milk per Ton DM 2000 Milk per Ton DM 2006 r-values

UW Correlations

n = 3727 treatment means

0.61 0.52 0.20 0.23 Milk per Ton DM 0.85 0.88 0.97 0.97 DM Yield tons/acre Milk per Acre 1991 Milk per Acre 1995 Milk per Acre 2000 Milk per Acre 2006 r-values

Milk per Ton (lb/T) 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 Milk per Acre (lb/A) 22000 24000 26000 28000 30000 32000 34000 36000 38000

RX601RRYG RX664 RX730RRYG B3195 B3203 S6408Bt F657 CX1020Bt CX1080A D2660 DST10419 HiDF3300 HiDF3600 DKC4446RRYGCB DKC5073 DKC5334RRYGCB DKC5824 DKC5878YGCB DKC6009 DKC6017 DKC6019RRYGCB DKC6411 56K44 24X 8523IT 8590IT G8779 GS1061 H2387 H6775Bt H8250 FS4042Bt FS4481 7625RRBt HC350 JC7 JC8 JS5450 K8105LFRR LC4531 LC7415 6068Bt LG2488 LG2499 LGX52001 G7366 F377 F407 N48V8 N51Z7 N59Q9 6406Y 33B51 34B23 34M95 P35D45 35R58 RK668 S9617 T6900 T7012 T7095

High yield High yield and quality High quality

Relationship between milk per acre and milk per ton of corn hybrids in South Central WI during 2002.

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