Contribution to the workshop 14/1/2005 Some Comments on Air Quality - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 Udo Lambrecht www.ifeu.de

Introduction Air quality Conclusions .

Contribution to the workshop 14/1/2005 Some Comments on Air Quality – Nitrogen Oxide

Udo Lambrecht

Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg udo.lambrecht@ifeu.de www.ifeu.de

2 Udo Lambrecht www.ifeu.de

Introduction Air quality Conclusions .

Introduction

Introduction

The atmospheric concentration of CO and Benzene in Germany is already below future air quality standards. Like in other countries: The concentration of nitrogen dioxide and PM10 exceeds air quality standards at several measurement sites – especially near busy streets. This calls for a reduction of motor vehicle emissions. Buses contribute an average 10%, locally even more, to total urban NOx-emissions of road transport in Germany. Thus captive fleets should contribute to emission reductions. The formation of both pollutants [PM10 and NO2] is complex and a reduction strategy requires a detailed analysis. Problems of emission reduction strategies will be exemplified for nitrogen oxides.

3 Udo Lambrecht www.ifeu.de

Introduction Air quality Conclusions .

Air quality in Germany – Emissions in urban areas

Decreasing nitrogen oxide emissions: 1994 – 2002 about 30% in Germany Share of heavy duty vehicles is continuously increasing Share of buses is constantly about 10% in German urban traffic Not many data available on taxis and other captive fleets Huge differences between cities and regions

Air quality

NOx (kt/year) - urban areas

50 100 150 200 250 300 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 Other PC Diesel PC Gasoline Heavy Duty Light Duty Bus Busses

Source: TREMOD calculations [Version Nov. 2003]

4 Udo Lambrecht www.ifeu.de

Introduction Air quality Conclusions .

Air quality in Germany – road side measurements – NO2

Nitrogen oxide concentrations at busy streets in Germany have decreased by 50% since 1990 Nitrogen oxides are composed of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which exist in a chemical balance NO pollution has been decreasing considerably NO is relatively harmless for human health NO2 pollution on the other hand has not been decreasing

Air quality

Air quality - NOx - urban areas

50 100 150 200 250 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 annual mean NO2 ug/m3 NO NO2 road side measurements NRW

5 Udo Lambrecht www.ifeu.de

Introduction Air quality Conclusions .

Air quality in Germany – road side – NO2

Air quality limits have been exceeded in 2003 in 10 (from 16) federal states Increasing NO2 concentrations in recent years at many sites Possible causes:

Meteorological and chemical

environment conditions

Higher shares of NO2 in combustion

exhaust (e.g. caused by oxidation catalysts and CRT systems for diesel vehicles)

This has to be taken into account for pollution reduction strategies

Air quality

Air quality - NO2 - road side

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 Annual mean ug/m3 Berlin - Straße NRW - Straße Stuttgart-Mitte Str. Karlsruhe - Straße

limit 2010

Near bus-stop

6 Udo Lambrecht www.ifeu.de

Introduction Air quality Conclusions .

Air quality in Germany – Emission city buses urban areas

Emissions are decreasing due to the replacement of old buses with new buses The contribution of pre EURO 3 buses to NOx emissions is currently about 80% The contribution of pre EURO 2 buses to NOx emissions is currently about 40% Fleet composition varies considerably between different

• cities. Example:

Berlin: 1000 out of 1300 buses

equipped with CRT (> 75%)

Germany: 8000 out of 25‘000 (30%)

Air quality

2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 EURO 5 EURO 4 EURO 3 EURO 2 EURO 1 before EURO 1

NOx (kt/a) - bus fleet Germany

Source: TREMOD calculations [Version Nov. 2003]

7 Udo Lambrecht www.ifeu.de

Introduction Air quality Conclusions .

Air quality in Germany – Emission City Busses – NO2

The use of CRT systems leads to an increase in direct NO2 emissions of busses This considerably increase could be one reason for increasing local NO2 concentration at several German cities

Air quality NOx emissions of city busses (urban)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Euro 2 Euro 2 CRT Euro 3 Euro 3 CRT

NO NO2

Data: IFEU assumptions based on several sources

8 Udo Lambrecht www.ifeu.de

Introduction Air quality Conclusions .

Air quality in Germany – Emission Passenger Cars – NO2

The introduction of oxidation catalysts (passenger cars – diesel) also led to higher direct NO2-emissions Considering the high increase of diesel cars in Germany, this also could be one reason for increasing NO2 concentrations

Air quality NOx emissions of Passenger Cars (urban)

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8

Euro 1 no cat. Euro 2

• xidation cat.

Euro 3

• xidation cat.

Euro 2 3-way cat. Euro 3 3-way cat. PC Diesel PC Gasoline

NO NO2

Data: IFEU assumptions based on several sources

9 Udo Lambrecht www.ifeu.de

Introduction Air quality Conclusions .

Conclusions

Conclusions

A reduction of road traffic and thus also of captive fleet emissions is necessary, because air quality limits are still exceeded. The formation of PM and nitrogen oxides is complex and a projection as well as the monitoring of reduction measures difficult. Besides the reduction of PM, the reduction of nitrogen oxides has to be the focus of future strategies in Germany and Europe in order to comply with future air quality standards. The influence of CRT-systems and Oxidation-catalysts on direct NO2-emissions has to be considered. In many air quality models input data are only NOX-emissions of transport.