CONTENTS Storage devices. Optical drives. Floppy disk. Hard disk. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

CONTENTS

 Storage devices.

Optical drives. Floppy disk. Hard disk.

 Components of Hard disks.  RAID technology.  Levels in RAID technology.  Summary.

Storage devices

 Some of the storage devices are as follows:

• Optical drives such as floppy disks,CD/DVD Rom
• Hard disks.

Floppy disk drives.

FLOPPY DIS K

CD/ DVD drives

Geometry of hard disk

 Hard disk is an organization of data on the platters.  It shows where the data will be stored in each platters.  They are specified by numerical values such as: Heads. Cylinders. Sectors per track. Write precompensation. Landing Zone.

Components of Hard disk.

• Platters and Media
• Read/Write Heads
• Head S

liders, Arms and Actuator

• S

pindle Motor

• Connectors and J

umpers

• Logic Board
• Integrated Cache

Sectors per track.

Types of Hard disk

 SCSI Hard disk.  SATA Hard disk.  IDE(ATA/PATA).

IDE

(Integrated Drive Electronics)

 IDE is older type of Hard disk . It is also called ATA/P

ATA hard disk. S

• me of the IDE hard disk are as follows:

 ATA-1  ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface)  ATA-2  ATA-3:  ATA/ATAPI-4  ATA/ATAPI-5:  Enhanced IDE (EIDE  Fast ATA  Ultra ATA

SATA(Serial ATA Hard disk)

 SATA is latest technology that

is replaced by PATA/ATA hard disk.

 SATA has several advantages

• ver PATA they are as follows:
• Superior cabling and

connectors.

• Higher bandwidth.
• Greater reliability.

SCSI(Small Computers S

ystem Interface)

 These hard disks are used in

workstations and servers because of following advantages:

• Improved performance
• ver IDE and SATA in

multitasking and multiuser environment.

• Ability to dairy chain

many drivers on computer.

RAID(Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disk)

 RAID is the method in which information is spread

across several hard disk and maximize the ability to recover information in case of hard disk crash.

Some Information about RAID technology

i.

Mirroring refers to copying of data to multiple hard disks.

ii.

Striping refers to splitting of data across multiple hard disks.

• iii. Error correction refers to detecting hard disk failures

and recovering from the failures. Error detection is done by parity checking .

Different levels of RAID are as follows:

 RAID 0  RAID 1  RAID 3  RAID 4  RAID 5  RAID 6  RAID 1  RAID 53

RAID 0 level

 RAID 0 level specifies data

stripping.  It means that data will split up into several smaller parts without any parity.  It requires minimum 2 number

• f hard disks to operate.

RAID 0 level provides good performance over single disk storage.

RAID 1 level

 Specifies data

Mirroring(same copy of data in all hard disks) but without any parity.

 This means data is copied

to multiple disk but there is no error correction of RAID1 level like RAID 0 level also requires at least two hard disk drivers.

RAID 2 level (Stripping with parity.)

 RAID 2 level suggests

data is split across multiple hard disk with parity bit is stored in the same hard disk . If any data is lost then we can recover disk.

If any data is lost then we

can recover the whole data with the help of parity bit.

Minimum 2 HDD is

required

RAID3 level

 RAID 3 level specifies

data stripping with dedicated parity disk . This means RAID 3 level generates parity and dedicated one of its hard disk drive for storing the parity information.

 Minimum 3 HDD is

required for building RAID3 level .

RAID 3: XOR

 Exit Hamming Code,

Enter XOR (eXclusive OR)

 XOR in Action:

01 01

2 XOR 001

1

2 = 01

1 02 If ? ? ? ?

2 XOR 1

1 002 = 01 1 02, Then 1 1 002 XOR 01 1 02 = ? ? ? ?

2 = 1

01 02 Thus we can use XOR results to recover lost data

XOR Logic Table A XOR B Result

1 1 1 1 1 1

RAID 3: Pros and Cons

Advantages:

 High Read/Write

Transfer Rates

 Disk failures don’t slow

the system

 Low Ratio of Data Disks

to Parity Disks

Disadvantages:

 Transaction rate slowed

by Parity Disk

 Complex Controller

Design

 Software

Implementation

 Resource Intensive

RAID 3: Uses

 Video Production  High-end Video and Image Editing  Other uses that require high throughput of data

RAID 4 level

 RAID 4 level is similar to

RAID 3 except with a difference . The difference is that :

• In RAID 3 we stripes

data one byte at time.

• Whereas RAID 4 strips

data in blocks.

RAID 4: Uses

Advantages:

 Very high read rates

 Multiple files read at once

Uses:

 Web Servers, and other

high read, low write situations

Disadvantages:

 Very slow write rates

 Even small writes fill up

parity write queue

 Inefficient data recovery  Even more Complex

Controller Design than RAID 3

*Has most of the other Advantages and Disadvantages of RAID 3

RAID 5 level

 RAID 5 took all the advantages from RAID 0-RAID 4

and build up this technology . The advantages are as follows:

• RAID 0-Stripping.
• RAID 1
• Mirroring.
• RAID 2-Stripping bit level parity.
• RAID 3-Stripping with dedicated parity.
• RAID 4-Block level parity.

Therefore , RAID 5 level has got highest popularity as it uses all the level and it is used widely.

RAID 5

 Highest Read data transaction rate  Medium Write data transaction rate  Most complex controller design  Used For Server Applications.

RAID 10

Characterized by:

• each drive duplicated
• high implementation cost

RAID 10

 Uses multiple (mirrored) RAID 1

in a single array

 Data striped across all mirrored sets  Very high fault tolerance  High performance rate

How are the HDD are designed in RAID technologies

Advantages of RAID

 The foremost advantage of using a RAID drive is that it

increases the performance and reliability of the system.

 The RAID drive is a credible example that could be used in

a server.

 The RAID increases the parity check and thus it regularly

checks for any possibility of a system crash. Disk stripping is also a hot topic when we discuss about the RAID drives.

 The performance is much highlighting and increases a lot

when the disk stripping is done.

 The mirroring is the complete duplication of the data. Or

in the other sense the mirroring is the 1 00% duplication of the data on two drives.

Disadvantages of Raid

 A major disadvantage regarding the RAID drive is that

there needs to be written the drivers for a Network Operating S ystem (NOS).

 Hence the major fact and also the most important usage of

the RAID system is that it is essentially designed and extensively used in a server.

 Another disadvantage regarding the RAID is that it is very

much difficult for an administrator to configure the RAID system.

 The ability to dynamically enlarge the RAID server is also

complex process; especially for those administrators who are the IS managers and also the LAN administrators.

Summary

RAID level Mirroring Striping Parity Min . drives Key features 0 No Block No 2 Fastest, but lacks data protection. 1 Yes No 32No 2 Requires double capacity but fastest protected solution. 3 No Byte Dedicated 3 Distributes each block across disks. 4 No Block Dedicated 3 Larger blocks improve

• performance. Dedicated

parity disk is potential bottleneck. 5 No Block Distributed 3 Eliminates parity bottleneck.

Thank yo u

ANJAN KUAM R.B.

• Guided by M r. Pintunath .