Contents Part I: European Perspectives on Language Policies and - PDF document

In partnership with Sponsored by Project publisher Co-funded by 0 Contents Part I: European Perspectives on Language Policies and Practices 1. Towards European indicators of language policies and practices Guus Extra and Kutlay Ya ğ mur 2. Cross-national analysis of the Language Rich Europe outcomes Kutlay Ya ğ mur, Guus Extra and Marlies Swinkels 1

Part II: Country Profiles and Commentaries 1.Austria 2.Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.Bulgaria 4.Denmark 5.Estonia 6.France 7.Greece 8.Hungary 9.Italy 10.Lithuania 11.Netherlands 11.1 Netherlands at large 11.2 Friesland 12.Poland 13.Portugal 14.Romania 15.Spain 15.1 Spain apart from Catalonia and Basque Country 15.2 Catalonia 15.3 Basque Country 16.Switzerland 17.Ukraine 18.United Kingdom 18.1 England 18.2 Wales 18.3 Scotland 18.4 Northern Ireland Appendix: Glossary 2 Overall objectives of the LRE project • to facilitate the exchange of good practice in promoting intercultural dialogue and social inclusion through language teaching and learning • to promote European cooperation in developing language policies and practices across several education sectors and broader society • to raise awareness of the European Union and Council of Europe (henceforward EU and CoE) recommendations for promoting language learning and linguistic diversity across Europe 3

Results beyond the current state of our knowledge with regard to language policies and practices in Europe from three different perspectives • the high number of participating countries and regions – 24 • the spectrum of chosen language varieties in the constellation of languages in Europe – we look at foreign, regional or minority, immigrant and national languages, the latter with a special focus on support for newcomers • the range of chosen language domains within and beyond education to include business, public services and spaces in cities, and the media 4 EC Communication (2008: 4) The EC Communication (2008: 4) aims to achieve a qualitative shift by presenting a policy that goes beyond education to address multilingualism in a wider context: Today’s European societies are facing rapid change due to globalisation, technological advances and ageing populations. The greater mobility of Europeans – currently 10 million Europeans work in other Member States – is an important sign of this change. Increasingly, people interact with their counterparts from other countries while growing numbers live and work outside their home country. This process is further reinforced by the recent enlargements of the EU. The EU now has 500 million citizens, 27 Member States, 3 alphabets and 23 EU official languages, some of them with a worldwide coverage. Some 60 other languages are also part of the EU heritage and are spoken in specific regions or by specific groups. In addition, immigrants have brought a wide range of languages with them: it is estimated that at least 175 nationalities are now present within the EU’s borders. 5

Promoting trilingualism and the trilingual formula ‘Valuing all languages’ (EC 2008): In the current context of increased mobility and migration, mastering the national language(s) is fundamental to integrating successfully and playing an active role in society. Non-native speakers should therefore include the host-country language in their ‘one-plus-two’ combination. There are also untapped linguistic resources in our society: different mother tongues and other languages spoken at home and in local and neighbouring environments should be valued more highly. For instance, children with different mother tongues – whether from the EU or a third country – present schools with the challenge of teaching the language of instruction as a second language, but they can also motivate their classmates to learn different languages and open up to other cultures. With a view to allowing closer links between communities, the Commission’s advisory Group of Intellectuals for Intercultural Dialogue (2008) developed the concept of a ‘personal adoptive language’, which should usefully benefit from further reflection. 6 High Level Group on Multilingualism High Level Group on Multilingualism (2007: 6): An increasingly large number of people living in the Union are multilingual or even multiliterate because they (i) speak an autochthon regional or minority language in addition to the (major) national language, (ii) speak a migrant language in addition to the language of the host country, or (iii) grew up in mixed-language families or other multilingual environments (the Erasmus phenomenon). For a considerable number of people in Europe, the notion of “mother tongue” has lost its meaning; it would probably be more appropriate to speak of people’s first language or even first languages, as the case may be. 7

Overview of EU and CoE documents used to develop the LRE Questionnaire European Union documents Council of Europe documents 8 Attitudes towards multilingualism in Europe (Source: Special Eurobarometer Report 243: 53, European Commission 2006) Tend to Tend to Do not Statements agree disagree know Everyone in the EU should be able to speak one additional • 12% 4% 84% language All languages spoken within the EU should be treated • 72% 21% 7% equally Everyone in the EU should be able to speak a common • 70% 25% 5% language • The European institutions should adopt one single language 55% 40% 5% to communicate with European citizens • Everyone in the EU should be able to speak two additional 50% 44% 6% languages 9

Addressed language varieties and definitions in the LRE project • National languages : Official languages of a nation-state • Foreign languages : Languages that are not learnt or used at home but learnt and taught at school or used as languages of wider communication in non- educational sectors • Regional or minority languages : Languages that are traditionally used within a given territory of a state by nationals of that state who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the state’s population • Immigrant languages : Languages spoken by immigrants and their descendants in the country of residence, originating from a wide range of (former) source countries 10 Language varieties and language learning modalities Regional/ National Immigrant Foreign minority languages languages languages Four language varieties languages First language learning ++ ++ ++ - Additional language learning +(+) +(+) + ++ ++ = common phenomenon across European countries + = rare phenomenon across European countries 11

Composition of LRE Questionnaire across language domains Nr Language domains N questions 1 Languages in official documents and databases 15 2 Languages in pre-primary education 34 3 Languages in primary education 58 4 Languages in secondary education 60 5 Languages in further and higher education 30 6 Languages in audiovisual media and press 14 7 Languages in public services and spaces 31 8 Languages in business 18 Total of questions 260 12 Rationale for focus on cities for primary data collection • Multilingualism is most prevalent in urban settings as long-term residents and newcomers tend to congregate there in search of work • Cities reinforce national dynamics in responding to language diversity • Large further and higher education institutions are present in cities (domain 5) • The international press, cinemas and TV stations are concentrated in cities (domain 6) • As a result, city administrators and urban planners need to create local policies on multilingualism (domain 7) • The headquarters of many businesses are located in cities (domain 8). 13

14 Three-cities approach for all participating countries/regions (N total = 67 cities) Nr Countries with one Largest city Second/Third Additional city Dominant regional/ national language largest city minority language in additional city 1 Austria Vienna Graz Klagenfurt Slovene 2 Bulgaria Sofia Plovdiv Shumen Turkish 3 Denmark Copenhagen Aarhus Aabenraa German 4 Estonia Tallinn Tartu Narva Russian 5 France Paris Marseille Corte Corsican 6 Greece Athens Thessaloniki Xanthi Turkish 7 Hungary Budapest Debrecen Pécs German 8 Italy Rome Milan Trieste Slovene 9 Lithuania Vilnius Kaunas Klaipeda Russian 10 Netherlands Amsterdam Rotterdam Leeuwarden* Frisian 11 Poland Warsaw Krakow Gdansk Kashubian 12 Portugal Lisbon Oporto Miranda do Mirandese Douro* 13 Romania Bucharest Ia ş i Cluj Hungarian 14 Ukraine Kiev Kharkiv Lviv Russian Nr Other countries Largest city in City in region 2 City in region 3 Official language in region/country 1 / 2 / 3 15 Bosnia & Herzegovina Sarajevo Banja-Luka Mostar Bosnian/Serbian Croatian/Bosnian 16 Switzerland Zürich Genève Lugano German/French/Italian 17 Spain Madrid Valencia Sevilla Spanish Catalonia Barcelona Tarragona L’Hospitalet Catalan Basque Country Bilbao San Sebastian Vitoria-Gasteiz Basque 18 UK: England London Manchester Sheffield English Wales Cardiff Swansea Newport Welsh/English Scotland Glasgow Edinburgh Aberdeen English/Scottish-Gaelic N. Ireland Belfast - - English 15