Content Research Motivation The assessment framework of TWMIEA - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Developing an

Integrated Environmental Assessment

model for

Taiwan Waste Management System

Chia-Wei Chao, Hwong-Wen Ma, Ming-Lung Hung

Environmental Systems Research Lab Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering National Taiwan University

Content

Research Motivation The assessment framework of TWMIEA Introduction of TWMIEA model

• Inventory Database
• Impact Assessment

Case Study Conclusion

The Evolvement of Waste Management

The “Zero Waste” is adopted as the core concept in the new waste management Isolating the municipal waste from citizens’ daily life by sanitary landfills Encouraging the Incinerators construction, incineration gradually becomes main treatment technology. The early 80’s The 90’s Since 2003 2007~ Integrating “Resource Recycling Act” and “Waste Disposal Act” , moving to the Recycle-Oriented society

Taiwan’s Policy Management Paradigms

Life Cycle Approach is the key tool. A new approach linking material consumption and waste stream generation is needed.

Monkhouse and Farmer (2003)

IEA and Waste Management

LCA Model for Waste Management

Model Developer/Country Inventory Data Sources Uncertainty analysis Impact Assessment MSW-DST RTI&EPA/US Local Survey None None ORWARE KTH/ Sweden Local Survey None None WISARD Ecobilan/UK Local Database None None IWM-1/IWM-2 P&G/ U.K. Existing Database None None ISWM Tools CSR/Canada Existing Database None None EASEWASTE DTU/ Denmark Local Database None TI (EDIP97) WASTED Ryerson Unv. /Canada Existing Database None None LCA-IWM EU project Local Survey None TI(CML2000)

The Limitations of WM-LCA Model

Issue of credibility on inventory analysis

• Divergence between WM-LCA models.

The limitation of waste stream projection and

scenario analysis.

Limitation of impact assessment

• The site-dependent information is excluded
• Traditional toxicity impact assessment methods

are simplified. MFA/ SFA Human Health Risk Assessment

The Assessment Framework

• f TWMIEA

Assessment Framework Innovation

The framework is developed based on LCA Integrating MFA into scenario analysis to identify the waste flow Tracing the specific toxic substance by SFA

A simplified HRA is used to evaluate human toxicity impact

Establishing the TWMIEA Model

The Elements of TWMIEA

Completed

Waste Flows Projection Probabilistic inventory

databases

Localized impact

assessment methods

Uncertainty Analysis

Uncompleted

Integrating SFA into

Inventory analysis

Not all site-dependent impact

localized

Lack of weighting factor

TWMIEA = Scenario Analysis + LCI for Taiwan WM + LCIA for Taiwan

Scenario Analysis

Waste amount Prediction Screening most suitable

reference site by applying artificial neural network (ANN).

Using the regression

model to simulate future waste generation.

Waste Flow

Identification

Using MFA to assess the

waste distribution among individual subsystems.

Evaluating the change of

waste flow based on key design parameters.

Inventory Analysis

Building the probabilistic Inventory databse

Step 1. Classify input parameters according to the data

quantities and sources

Step 2. Assign distribution forms to parameters

Calculating the probability distributions based on

measurement data.

Assign probability distribution based on subjective

data quality indicators.

More than 180 pollutants and resource

included.

Inventory Analysis

Local Survey ISWM IWM-2 LCA-IWM Other Literature Collection & Transportation V V Sorting- MRF V Composting V Bio-gasification V Hog-feeding V Incineration V V RDF V Gasification Landfill V V V V Recycling V V V Ash Treatment Electricity Production V Fertilizer production V V V Corn Feed production V

Inventory Data Source

Inventory Analysis

Data Quality Indicator

Inventory Data Set

Impact Assessment

Impact Categories Category Indicator Characterization Model Human toxicity kg-eq Bezeneair (carcinogenic) kg-eq Tolueneair (non- carcinogenic ) CalTOX with local parameters Human toxicity (site-dependent) person/m3-kg-eq Bezeneair (carcinogenic) person/m3-kg-eq Tolueneair (non- carcinogenic ) Air Dispersion model(ISCST3) + CalTOX with local data Respiratory kg-eq PM2.5air TRACi Photochemical Smog kg-eq NOx(air) TRACi Aquatic ecotoxicity kg-eq 2,4-D(water) Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg-eq 2,4-D (soil) Fate: CalTOX + Effect : AMI (Payet,2002) Aquatic eutrophication kg-eq PO4

—limited

IMPACT2002+ Aquatic acidification kg-eq SO2 IMPACT2002+ Land use Modified Land Use Index Based on the criteria of EIA process identified by TEPA Global warming kgeq CO2 into air IPCC(2001) Ozone layer depletion kg-eq CFCs-11(air) Latest value from WMO Energy consumption MJ CED by Ecoinvent Mineral extraction MJ surplus Ecoindicator99 Water consumption m3

• Impact Categories and Characterization Model

Site-Dependent Human Toxicity Potential (sd-HTP)

the potential health damage to the total exposed

population from a unit of chemical released into a number of environment compartments

sd HTP IPE HTP − = ×

sd-HTP: site-dependent Human Toxicity Potential IPE: Incremental Population Exposure C(A): incremental concentration of affected area A ρ(A): population density of affected area A

( ) ( ) IP E C A A d A ρ = ×

∫

Air Dispersion Model (ISCST 3) CalTOX

Case Study

• Mid-term waste policy for

Taoyuan County

Background

Taoyuan County Population over 1.9

million

The third-largest

county in Taiwan.

The MSW in 2005 1,123 tons per day 0.591 kg per capita. Most Waste treated

by incinerator.

Functional Unit : Total

Amount Collected per year.

Target Year : 2015

Alternatives Description

Alter. Business As Usual(BAU) Reduction Recovery Recycling Policy

• Follow the

mandated sorting policy.

• Enforced

mandated sorting policy

• The ban of

landfill.

• Incineration

Improvement

• MRF facility

setting

• Replacing

hog-feeding by anaerobic digestion. Effect

• n WM

Stream

• Total Waste

decreases, Recyclables and Bio-waste recycled increases.

• Total Waste

further decreases,

• Recyclables

and Bio-waste recycled increases significantly.

• Total waste

amount is as BAU.

• Only ash sent

to landfill.

• Electricity

Recovery Factor of incineration increases.

• Total waste

amount is as BAU.

• The impurity

rate of recyclable reduced; and 80% of hog-feeding replaced

*Baseline year: 2005

Waste Flow Projection

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

‘97 ‘01 03 ‘05 ‘07 ‘09 ‘11 ‘13 ‘15

Result Interpretation

Human Toxicity (Carcinogenic)

• 100%

0% 100% 200% 300% 400% 500% 600% Baseline Recovery Reduction Recycling BAU 0.95 0.05 0.5 mean Deterministic Value

Quotient of Impact Score

=

, , , , d a l t c p b a s e l i n e c v

I S I S

Main Observations(1)

The waste hierarchy is effective under certain circumstance

Choosing the Emission Factor

• f paper recycling

P emitted to the water During hog-feeding. The As and Ni emitted to the soil during the compost utilization

Base Recov Reduc Recycl BAU Human toxicity (carcin) 1.0 0.9 0.6 2.9 0.9 Human toxicity (non- carcin ) 1.0 1.4 2.7 2.4 1.7 Respiratory* 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 Photochemical

• xidation*

1.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 Aquatic ecotoxicity 1.0 1.1 1.4 2.1 1.2 Terrestrial ecotoxicity 1.0 0.0

• 1.7

3.5

• 0.2

Aquatic eutrophication 1.0 1.2 1.8 0.3 1.2 Aquatic acidification 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 Global warming* 1.0 2.1 2.3 1.7 1.6 Ozone layer depletion* 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.3 Energy Consumption * 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.2 Mineral extraction* 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.3

* Refer to environmental benefit

Main Observations(2)

The measurement and regulations of incineration should be

reformed

Emission Rate of Incinerator causes the major uncertainty of

human health related impact.

The Arsenic should be included in the regulation.

Conclusion

Conclusion

Policy suggestion

Executing the detailed investigation on the hot-spots Rethinking the criteria of policy formulation

Methodology development

Probabilistic Inventory database The localized LCIA framework Integration of LCA and HRA

Special Thanks to: UNEP/SETAC LCInitiative National Science Council Taoyuan County Government