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Congestion Mitigation Strategies: Alternatives to the Citys plan New York City Traffic Congestion Mitigation Commission December 10, 2007 Overview of presentation and research Overview of presentation and research Alternative Supplem ent

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Congestion Mitigation Strategies: Alternatives to the City’s plan

New York City Traffic Congestion Mitigation Commission December 10, 2007

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Alternative to the City's Proposal Supplem ent to the City's Proposal Modification to the City's Proposal Night de live ry ince ntive s √ √ Te le com m uting ince ntive s √ √ Incre a se cost of pa rking in the M a nha tta n ce ntra l busine ss district (CBD) √ √ Re duce use of pa rking pla ca rds by public e m ploye e s √ √ Additiona l ta x i sta nds √ √ Surcha rge on ta x i a nd live ry fa re s √ √ Im ple m e nt tolls on Ea st Rive r Bridge s √ Lice nse pla te ra tioning √ Re quire d ca rpooling √ Cre a tion of High-Occupa ncy Toll ("HOT") la ne s √ Cha nge northe rn bounda ry √ Elim ina te the intra zona l cha rge /Cha rge FDR a nd W e st Stre e t √ Cha nge hours of the cha rge /va ria ble cha rge s √ Cha nge s to the toll cre dit policy √ Ex e m pt hybrids √

Overview of presentation and research Overview of presentation and research

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* Includes public employees

using placards Source: 2007 survey of 1,600 drivers in the Manhattan CBD

* Includes public employees

using placards Source: 2007 survey of 1,600 drivers in the Manhattan CBD

Parking: Increase the cost of parking in the CBD Parking: Increase the cost of parking in the CBD

The current market for parking in the CBD: The current market for parking in the CBD:

On-street unmetered*, 19% On-street metered, 5% Off-street (paid and subsidized)*, 76%

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Parking: Policy options studied Parking: Policy options studied Three options with VMT impact:

Eliminating resident exemption for parking tax or raise parking tax Increase rates for metered on-street parking Introduce overnight on-street parking fee Reduce use of parking placards by public employees

Three options have essentially no VMT impact:

Parking “freeze” Tax off-street parking as income Parking “cash-out”

Three options with VMT impact:

Eliminating resident exemption for parking tax or raise parking tax Increase rates for metered on-street parking Introduce overnight on-street parking fee Reduce use of parking placards by public employees

Three options have essentially no VMT impact:

Parking “freeze” Tax off-street parking as income Parking “cash-out”

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Parking: Eliminate Manhattan resident parking tax exemption Parking: Eliminate Manhattan resident parking tax exemption Option: Charge Manhattan residents the same parking tax (18⅜%)

as other parkers.

Currently residents receive an exemption that reduces their parking

tax to 10⅜%.

Applies to: Manhattan residents that currently receive exemption VMT Impact

0.05% reduction

Revenue: $22 million Option: Charge Manhattan residents the same parking tax (18⅜%)

as other parkers.

Currently residents receive an exemption that reduces their parking

tax to 10⅜%.

Applies to: Manhattan residents that currently receive exemption VMT Impact

0.05% reduction

Revenue: $22 million

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Parking: Raise the parking tax Parking: Raise the parking tax Option: Raise parking tax to 28⅜% or 38⅜% for all parkers Applies to: All parkers who pay to park off-street VMT Impact

0.2% (if tax rises to 28⅜%) 0.3% (if tax rises to 38⅜%) Parking garage operators might absorb the cost of the tax,

resulting in smaller VMT reduction

Revenue: $71 million (28⅜%) or $120 million (38⅜%) Option: Raise parking tax to 28⅜% or 38⅜% for all parkers Applies to: All parkers who pay to park off-street VMT Impact

0.2% (if tax rises to 28⅜%) 0.3% (if tax rises to 38⅜%) Parking garage operators might absorb the cost of the tax,

resulting in smaller VMT reduction

Revenue: $71 million (28⅜%) or $120 million (38⅜%)

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Parking: Raise the parking tax Parking: Raise the parking tax

Recap: Recap:

Manhattan residents All other VMT Revenue Current 10⅜% 18⅜% Eliminate Manhattan resident exemption 18⅜% 18⅜%

0.05%

$22 m 10% point increase 28⅜% 28⅜%

0.2%

$71 m 20% point increase 38⅜% 38⅜%

0.3%

$120 m Tax rate Change in:

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Parking: Increase rates for on-street parking Parking: Increase rates for on-street parking Option: Increase the price of all metered parking spaces in the

CBD. Prices could be determined by time of day or location.

Applies to: on-street, metered parking in the CBD VMT Impact

0.5% VMT reduction

Revenue: $17 million Option: Increase the price of all metered parking spaces in the

CBD. Prices could be determined by time of day or location.

Applies to: on-street, metered parking in the CBD VMT Impact

0.5% VMT reduction

Revenue: $17 million

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Parking: Introduce overnight on-street parking fee Parking: Introduce overnight on-street parking fee Option: Implement a $2 fee for overnight on-street parking in

the CBD during the week.

Applies to: on-street, metered and unmetered parking in the

CBD

VMT Impact

0.4% VMT reduction (most of this reduction would take place at

night)

Revenue: $7 million Option: Implement a $2 fee for overnight on-street parking in

the CBD during the week.

Applies to: on-street, metered and unmetered parking in the

CBD

VMT Impact

0.4% VMT reduction (most of this reduction would take place at

night)

Revenue: $7 million

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Parking: Reduce use of parking placards by public employees Parking: Reduce use of parking placards by public employees

Option: Remove free on-street parking for government

employees currently commuting to Manhattan jobs

Applies to: on-street parking for government employees with

placards

VMT Impact

0.10% VMT reduction for 3,000 placards 0.17% VMT reduction for 5,000 placards 0.33% VMT reduction for 10,000 placards

Revenue: $0 Option: Remove free on-street parking for government

employees currently commuting to Manhattan jobs

Applies to: on-street parking for government employees with

placards

VMT Impact

0.10% VMT reduction for 3,000 placards 0.17% VMT reduction for 5,000 placards 0.33% VMT reduction for 10,000 placards

Revenue: $0

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Taxi: Additional taxi stands to reduce cruising Taxi: Additional taxi stands to reduce cruising Option: Require that passengers be picked up at designated

taxi stands

Applies to: all medallion (yellow) taxis VMT impact

VMT may rise or fall depending on how far taxis travel back to a

taxi stand after discharging a passenger, so VMT cannot be estimated reliably

Revenue: $0 Option: Require that passengers be picked up at designated

taxi stands

Applies to: all medallion (yellow) taxis VMT impact

VMT may rise or fall depending on how far taxis travel back to a

taxi stand after discharging a passenger, so VMT cannot be estimated reliably

Revenue: $0

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Option: Apply $1 or $2 fare surcharges for taxi and for-hire-vehicle

travel within Manhattan south of 86th Street

Applies to: Medallion taxis, black cars, neighborhood car services

and limousines

VMT impact:

$1 Surcharge: 0.3% reduction $2 Surcharge: 0.6% reduction

Revenue:

$1 surcharge: $70 million $2 surcharge: $140 million

Option: Apply $1 or $2 fare surcharges for taxi and for-hire-vehicle

travel within Manhattan south of 86th Street

Applies to: Medallion taxis, black cars, neighborhood car services

and limousines

VMT impact:

$1 Surcharge: 0.3% reduction $2 Surcharge: 0.6% reduction

Revenue:

$1 surcharge: $70 million $2 surcharge: $140 million

Taxi: Apply surcharge to taxi and livery fares Taxi: Apply surcharge to taxi and livery fares

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Option: Prohibits vehicles from entering based on license plate Applies to: all passenger vehicles VMT impact:

3.1 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 10 days) 6.2 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 5 days)

Revenue: $0.

Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit

Option: Prohibits vehicles from entering based on license plate Applies to: all passenger vehicles VMT impact:

3.1 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 10 days) 6.2 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 5 days)

Revenue: $0.

Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit

License Plate Rationing License Plate Rationing

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Required Carpooling Required Carpooling Option: Prohibit single-occupant vehicles (SOVs) from entering

Manhattan south of 60th Street weekdays, 6 a.m. to 10 a.m.

Applies to: SOVs. Does not apply to taxis, commercial

vehicles, and motorcycles

VMT Impact:

Given that SOVs comprise 59% of vehicles entering CBD,

expect VMT reduction, though magnitude is unclear

Revenue: $0.

Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit

Option: Prohibit single-occupant vehicles (SOVs) from entering

Manhattan south of 60th Street weekdays, 6 a.m. to 10 a.m.

Applies to: SOVs. Does not apply to taxis, commercial

vehicles, and motorcycles

VMT Impact:

Given that SOVs comprise 59% of vehicles entering CBD,

expect VMT reduction, though magnitude is unclear

Revenue: $0.

Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit

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Creation of High-Occupancy Toll (“HOT”) lanes Creation of High-Occupancy Toll (“HOT”) lanes Option: Create HOT lanes for passenger cars on major