Condi&onsofbehaviouralchanges towardsefficientenergyuse - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Condi&ons
of
behavioural
changes
 towards
efficient
energy
use


a
compara(ve
study
between
Sweden
and
the
UK
 Jurek
Pyrko
 Lund
University
 Sweden
 Sarah
Darby
 Oxford
University
 United
Kingdom


Kingdom
of
Sweden


• Popula(on
9.2
million

• Area
450,000
km2

• Cons(tu(onal
monarchy

• Member
of
the
EU
(1995)

• GDP
per
capita
52,789
USD

• Currency:
Swedish
krona

• Traffic:
right



United
Kingdom


• Popula(on
61.6
million

• Area
244,820
km2

• Cons(tu(onal
monarchy

• Member
of
the
EU
(1973)

• GDP
per
capita
43,785
USD

• Currency:
Pound

sterling

• Traffic:
leX



To
compare:

 how
specific
condi(ons
in
the
UK
and
Sweden
 can
s(mulate
or
aZempt
to
compel
householders
 to
be
more
energy
efficient,



• r
can
obstruct
this


described
and
compared
in
this
paper:


• 1. Climate
change
policy

• 2. Electricity
and
gas
use

• 3. Role
of
u(li(es
and
other
‘external’
agents
in


residen(al
demand
reduc(on


• 6. Regula(on

• 7. Quality
of
feedback
on
energy
use
to
the


householder


• 8. Customer
behaviour


Budget
for
2020
must
be
26%+
 lower
than
1990
 2008
Climate
Change
Act:
net
 carbon
account
for
2050
 has
to
be
at
least
80%
 lower
than
1990
baseline
 Expert
commiKee
sets
5‐year
 carbon
budgets

 2006
Swedish
Parliament:




 20
%
lower
energy
use
in
 residen&al/ter&ary
2020,
 and
50
%
2050
 8
%
emission
reduc&on

 (Kyoto
+4
%)
 Dependence
on
fossil
fuels
in
 dwellings
should
be
broken
 by
2020


• Delivered
energy/home/
yr
=


20MWh;
fall
of
approx
11
%,

 2000‐2007


• Gas
accounts
for
70
%
of
delivered


energy
to
homes


• 60
%
of
delivered
home
energy
is


for
space
hea&ng


• Gas
and
coal
dominate
electricity


supply
mix;
nuclear
15
%,
 renewable
5
%


• Residen&al
sector
=
32
%
of


total
energy
use
(124
TWh)


• Electric
space
hea&ng/hot


water
60
%
of
electricity
 demand


• Lower
electricity
use
a_er
2000

• 21
MWh
/year/household

• Natural
gas
0.4

TWh

• Supply
mix
–
45
%
hydro,
44
%


nuclear,
8
%
renewables,
3
%


• thers
(fossils)


• 90%
of
sales
from
6
suppliers

• ’confusion
marke&ng’
of
tariffs

• Cost
of
fuel+profit
=
69%
of
cost


to
customer


• Most
prepayment
users
pay
high


unit
costs,
(not
in
N
Ireland,
 where
25%
are
electricity
pp
 customers)


• Tariffs
are
fixed‐rate
or
declining


block
–
no
incen&ve
to
stay
 below
threshold
level


• 90
%
from
4
suppliers

• Electricity
price
=
40
%
electricity,


20
%
network
fee,



40
%
taxes
 and
cer&ficates


• Standing
charge
depends
on
fuse


level

(10,
16,
20,
25
A)


• Law
on
compulsory
monthly


readings
from
1
July
2009


• Carbon
Emissions
Reduc&on


Target
makes
suppliers
into
 agents
of
climate
change
policy:
 they
must
spend
on
efficiency +renewables,
credited
with
 savings


• Also
local
authori&es,


construc&on
industry,
educa&on +business,
NGOs
...more
trusted
 than
u&li&es?


• Lower
energy
prices
AND
energy


conserva&on
AND
social
equity


• No
fee
or
tax
intended
to


support
EE


• Green
cer&ficates

electricity


from
renewable
sources


• U&li&es
offer
EE
services


• In
process
of
implemen&ng


EPBD...


• Government
funds
efficiency


programmes
for
vulnerable
 households


• [erra&c]
grants
for
renewable


technologies
through
low‐carbon
 buildings
programme


• Network
of
energy
advice


centres


• Electricity
cer&ficates
2003



increase
RES
by
17
TWh
between
 2003‐2017


• Energy
Declara&ons
for
all


buildings
2008
–
efficient
energy
 use
and
good
indoor
comfort


• Renova&on
grants:

‘ROT’

• Conversion
grants:


el

other

• Grants
:
PV,
biofuel
fired
hea&ng


• Direct
debit
most
common


payment
method


• Es&mated
bills
s&ll
common

• Smart
meter
rollout
planned,


including
customer
feedback
–
 trials
under
way


• Niche
suppliers
star&ng
to
offer


feedback


• Compulsory
monthly
readings


star&ng
July
2009


• Informa&ve
bills:


recommenda&on
–
13
months
 graphs
on
bills


• Pilot
trials
with
energy
use


feedback:




























 Internet

and
home
displays


• Energy
and
power
not
yet


within
’natural
language
of
 mainstream
householders’


• Increasing
awareness
of
gas


and
el
use
as
‘pollu&ng’


• Average
indoor
temps
rose


by
6°C
since
1970;
 ‘aptudes’
o_en
don’t
 match
behaviour



• Good
and
unlimited
energy


supply
=
‘ci&zen
right”


• Awareness:
seniors
more


aware
and
frugal;
house


• wners
usually
more
aware


than
tenants


• Trials
on
‘cri&cal
peak


pricing’
–
50
%
lower
load


• Expecta&on
that
‘someone


does
something’


Thank
you
for
your
aZen(on…


Sarah.Darby@ouce.ox.ac.uk




Jurek.Pyrko@energy.lth.se