Concentrated Solar Power Martina Neises-von Puttkamer Department of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Concentrated Solar Power Martina Neises-von Puttkamer Department of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 03, 2023 857 likes •1.29k views

Professorship of Renew able Energy Carriers I nstitute of Energy Technology Concentrated Solar Power Martina Neises-von Puttkamer Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich 8092 Zurich, Switzerland Concentrating solar

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Professorship of Renew able Energy Carriers I nstitute of Energy Technology

Concentrated Solar Power

Martina Neises-von Puttkamer

Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich 8092 Zurich, Switzerland

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Concentrating solar radiation - Principle

concentrator focal spot

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Using solar energy – an old idea recalled to life

  • 210 BC: Battle of Syracuse

Archimedes used mirrors to focus sunlight onto invading ships to set them

  • n fire.
  • 1515 : sketches of Leonardo da Vinci

show devices for concentrating solar energy

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Using solar energy – an old idea recalled to life

  • 1878: Augustin Mouchot presented a

solar powered steam engine at the Universal Exhibition in Paris.

  • 1913: Frank Shuman set up the first

solar power station in Egypt It generated steam and pumped water from the Nile to adjacent cotton fields.

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Outline

  • Technology
  • Electricity generation
  • Solar fuels
  • Outlook
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  • Technology
  • Electricity generation
  • Solar fuels
  • Outlook
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Types of solar energy converters

solar collector (solar thermal) solar cell (photovoltaic cell) flat plate collector concentrating system electricity energy converter useful energy heat: warm water supply heating heat: heating process heat electricity

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Solar themal systems

solar thermal systems low temperature systems pool water domestic water heating high temperature systems

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Concentrating solar irradiation

Solar irradiation is collected over a wide area and focused on a small area

area absorber area aperture ion concentrat before density energy ion concentrat after density energy C factor ion concentrat = =

sun

parabolic reflector absorber aperture

  • nly direct irradiation can

be concentrated

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Maximum concentration factor

  • Theoretical maximum: 𝐷𝑛𝑛𝑛 ≈ 46200
  • Technical maximum: 𝐷𝑛𝑛𝑛 ≈ 5000 − 8000

Due to

  • Imperfect reflection of mirror
  • Surface deformation of mirror
  • Focusing error of mirror
  • Displacement of absorber
  • Imperfect reflection and emission of absorber

parabolic reflector absorber

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Theoretical maximum absorber temperature

Source: Regenerative Energiequellen, M Kleemann, Meliß

Concentration factor Maximum theoretical absorber temperature

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Concentrating systems

dish solar tower parabolic trough

line focus (2D-conc.)

  • ne-axis tracking

concentration 10 - 100 point focus or central receiver (3D-conc.) two-axis tracking concentration 100 - 2000 2000 °C 1000 °C 550 °C

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Converting solar energy

Heat solar chemistry electricity generation industrial processes

Aim: substitution of fossil fuels

steam heating + cooling metals processing … fuel production e.g. H2, CH3OH … steam turbine gas turbine …

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  • Technology
  • Electricity generation
  • Solar fuels
  • Outlook
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Conventional power plant

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Concentrating solar power (CSP) plant

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Parabolic trough

C ≈ 100 - 200, T = 400 - 550 °C

Photo: Flagsol GmbH

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Parabolic trough - receiver

getter for H2 absorption evacuated glass tube selective absorber anti-reflex coating

Heat transfer fluid:

  • Oil (16 bar / 390 °C)
  • Steam (100 bar / 390 – 550 °C)
  • Molten salt
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Line focusing system

morning afternoon

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Parabolic trough power plant

Two closed loops coupled via heat exchanger

20 steam generator pump solar field turbine cooling tower feed water pump generator condenser Source: DLR

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Parabolic trough power plant with storage

solar field power block storage

Source: DLR

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Dish

C ≈ 2000, T > 2000 °C

Energy converter:

  • stirling motor
  • gas turbine

Heat transfer fluid

  • air, helium

(50 - 200 bar / 600 - 1200 °C) Power of one unit: 10 – 25 kW Useful in remote areas

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Solar tower

C ≈ 1000, T ≈ 1000 °C

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Receiver types

tube receiver

  • pen volumetric receiver

closed volumetric receiver 600 °C 700 °C 15 bar, 800 °C Heat transfer fluid: water/steam, air, molten salt

solar irradiation heat transfer fluid

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T In Out Material Luft

solar radiation

T In Out heat transfer fluid

tube receiver volumetric absorber with air

Receiver types

solar radiation

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wire-meshwork/ felt metal/ceramic foam channel- structure metal ceramic

Volumetric air receivers

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Solar tower power plant

receiver heliostat field thermal storage heat exchanger turbine and generator condenser concentrated solar radiation hot air at 680 °C

with open volumetric air receiver

Source: DLR

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Storage – an important component

Thermal Storage for middle to high temperature applications

  • Sensibe heat storage
  • Direct storage of heat transfer medium (oil, salt)
  • Indirect storage with heat exchanger (salt, concrete, metals, …)
  • Latent heat storage
  • With phase change materials (PCM) (NaNO3, KNO3, …)
  • Thermochemical heat storage
  • e.g. dissociation reactions

Co3O4 ↔ 3CoO + ½ O2 CaCO3 ↔ CaO + CO2

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Where is it applicable?

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radiation map in kWh/(m2a), global

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world EU-25 germany

What is the potential?

Required Area for CSP Power Supply of the World, EU-25, Germany

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Concept of a renewable energy link between Europe and North Africa

Source: MED-CSP and TRANS-CSP study of DLR, http://www.dlr.de/tt/med-csp and http://www.dlr.de/tt/trans-csp

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Challenges

  • Increase plant efficiency and reduce costs
  • Optics
  • Receiver materials
  • Storage concepts and materials
  • Quality control of manufacturing and mounting process
  • Transportation of energy
  • High voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission
  • Energy conversion into fuels
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  • Technology
  • Electricity generation
  • Solar fuels
  • Outlook
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Principle of solar fuel production

Solar Tower

Heat Chemical Reactor Fuel H2 CO + H2 Energy Converter Fuel Cell Transportation Electricity Generation Energy Carrier Natural Gas Water

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Ways of hydrogen production

Water

Thermal Splitting Thermochemical Cylces Electrolysis

+ heat + electricity

H2

Reforming

Fossil fuels

Cracking Gasification/PartOx

Biomass

Pyrolysis

lean CO2 CO2 neutral CO2 free

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Two-step solar thermochemical cycle

  • 1. Reduction Step

MOox → MOred + O2

  • 2. Oxidation Step

MOred + H2O → MOox + H2 MOred + CO2 → MOox + CO MOred O2 H2/ CO MOox H2O/ CO2

Concentrated Solar Radiation

Redox systems: ZnO/Zn, Fe3O4/FeO, Ce2O3/CeO2, NiFe2O4, …

  • No separation of O2/H2 necessary
  • Temperatures lower than 2000 °C possible
  • No intermediate energy conversion step from thermal energy to electricity
  • Higher efficiencies compared to electrolysis can be reached
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Challenges for future developments

Material Key issues: Maintenance of high surface area and reduction of temperature

  • Reduction of Regeneration Temperature
  • Low oxygen partial pressure through high-purity gases or vacuum
  • Maintenance of surface area
  • Stabilization of material through coating or doping …
  • Increase reaction rate
  • High surface area and thin surfaces, fast ion conductor
  • New Materials
  • e.g. solid solutions of different materials

 All these points influence the reactor design

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Challenges for future developments

Receiver-reactor Key issues:

  • Thermal and chemical efficiency
  • Scalability
  • Accessible for maintanance or modifications
  • Low fault liability
  • Reactor concepts will be adapted based on the material developments
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  • Technology
  • Electricity generation
  • Solar fuels
  • Outlook
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  • Many possibilities for solar thermal applications
  • Electricity
  • Industrial processes
  • Chemistry
  • Future challenges
  • Storage and transportation
  • Efficiency increase
  • Cost reduction
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Thank you!