Communication of bicyclists with car drivers and safety critical events Christine Chaloupka-Risser ICTCT, Elisabeth Füssl extra- ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016 Bicyclists face a high accident risk • Safety: – 138,400 pedestrians & cyclists killed in EU 2001 - 2013. – 29% of all road deaths across EU (pedestrians: 21%, cyclists: 8%) – Slower decrease rate of deaths of unprotected road users than for motor vehicle users (ETSC 2015) : • vehicle occupants: 53% • pedestrians: 41%, • cyclists: 37% • Cycling is an increasingly popular alternative transport ICTCT, mode , but there are many cycling fatalities over the past extra- decade (IRTAD) ordinary workshop, Beijing How can traffic safety for bicyclists be enhanced? April 2016
Main focus According to findings of studies till now cycle safety policies should pay close attention to • Speed reduction of motorists • Harmonization of speed of different road users • Intersection design - key design principles: – visibility – predictability ICTCT, – support of ability to communicate extra- ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016 Topics of the presentation Austrian research project BIKEALYZE • naturalistic riding study in the cities of Vienna and Salzburg Theoretical framework: • definition of safety critical events • role of communication Data will be gained by • mobile eye tracking ICTCT, • GPS-based motion data, acceleration and steering direction extra- • video ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016
BIKEALYZE - naturalistic cycling study Aim • better understanding of critical situations and communication processes between bicyclists and car drivers and their effects Results : • Identify and evaluate safety-critical events in relation to cycling infrastructure. Hypothesis : • Infrastructure influences: ICTCT, – willingness and predictions for communication extra- between all road users: e. g. intersection design should ordinary enhance the visibility of cyclists. workshop, Beijing April 2016 Partners 2015-2016 Salzburg Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH Factum Chaloupka & Risser OG PlanSinn – Büro für Planung und Kommunikation GmbH PRISMA solutions EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH Universität Salzburg, Interfakultärer Fachbereich für Geoinformatik – Z_GIS Financed by the Austrian Ministry of Transportation ICTCT, In the frame of „Mobility of the future“ extra- ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016
� Theoretical framework ICTCT, extra- ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016 Safety critical events Safety criticsl events in traffic • Arise in the frame of coaction of between persons and environment • Occur mainly by chance • Contain aspects of both safety and comfort: – a) subjective feeling of safety: fear of accidents (related to man ) ICTCT, extra- – b) usability problems (related to infrastructure ) ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016
Comfort and safety Comfort = positive emotional reaction because of exterior conditions/conditions of the environment Influencing factors of comfort = satisfaction of: • Physiological needs : enough space and light, surface of pavement? • Needs of safety : sufficient subjective safety, time to cross an intersection before turning cars etc.? ICTCT, • Cognitive needs : sufficient support for orientation extra- and communication? Understand where to go? ordinary • Aesthetical needs : pleasent design? Dirt / ice etc. workshop, Beijing April 2016 Distinction – objective/subjective !! It is necessary to distinquish between – Perception of persons regarding safety and accessibility and – Objective situation : data about accidents/safety, accessibility etc. Both levels do not necessarily match (e.g. everyday riders, children, parents with children, elderly etc.) � Have to be considered and surveyed seperately with ICTCT, extra- different qualitative & quantitative methods ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016
Problematic communication Objective and subjective problematic situations: • Car drivers honking the horn to get cyclists out of their way = sign for disrespect • Cycle infrastructure (and view) obstructed by (parked) cars & generally „non-observance “ by vehicle drivers • Being pressed by car drivers • Necessity to compensate ruthlessness of vehicle drivers � Feeling of being inferior and underprivileged in relation to car drivers. � less comfortable ICTCT, extra- ordinary workshop, Beijing Source: Austrian Science Fund (Project n° P 26192 – G22) „Interaction between cyclists and car April 2016 drivers“; in depth interview data. September 2014 - April 2015 Communication – what for? • Communication is essential in traffic in order to inform other road users • To coordinate actions. • To give feedback • Understand others´ needs � Necessary precondition: The other person ICTCT, extra- must be perceived ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016
Our focus • Registration of communication aspects, methods • Relations between infrastructure and communication � Cyclists equipped with specific tools provide naturalistic riding data • The tools: see below ICTCT, extra- ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016 Equipped bicycle & rider ICTCT, extra- ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016
Equipped bicycle and rider Smart-phones for GPS & Gyro-data, route-tracking GoPro Camera ICTCT, extra- Tobii Smart ordinary Eye Tracking workshop, Glasses Beijing April 2016 � First Results from Pre-Tests Video- and eye tracking based ICTCT, extra- ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016
#1 „Interaction“ – no motorists Defined Areas of Interest (AOI) Infrastructur e Other pavement, cyclist Ped bridge Where to go Infrastructure, pavement ICTCT, extra- ordinary workshop, Mapping of „dynamic“ AOIs (cyclist and pedestrian) within a more or Beijing less static scenery and low traffic speed; infrastructure = hardware April 2016 #1 „Interaction“ Gaze-Plot ICTCT, extra- ordinary workshop, Gaze-Plots show the direction of eye movements and gaze time Beijing Total riding and gazing time – sum of all gazes within 4,44 sec April 2016
#1 „Interaction“ Heat-Map ICTCT, extra- ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016 r1 #2 „Intersection“ – with motorists Defined Areas of Interest Infrastructure Traffic light Traffic Infrastructure Zebra #2 Infrastructure Zebra #1 Where to go ICTCT, extra- ordinary At intersections elements of infrastructure (zebra crossings and traffic lights) workshop, = elements for orientation and decision where to ride on and high speed Beijing traffic April 2016
Folie 20 r1 ralf; 22.03.2016
#2 „Intersection“ Gaze-Plot ICTCT, extra- ordinary Total riding and gazing time – sum of all gazes within 1,92 sec workshop, Beijing Gazes mainly to the left side and the middle pat of the road April 2016 #2 „Intersection“ Heat-Map ICTCT, extra- ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016
Examples of discomfort and unsafety � safety critical events • … infrastructure used • … infrastructure too narrow for purpose other than ICTCT, and used for purpose other extra- intended than intended ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016 Support for orientation (?) Where to go? Bad practice Good practice ICTCT, If orientation absorbes too extra- much time and energy � no ordinary time for communication with workshop, other road users � safety Beijing critical event April 2016
Results useful for… • Car drivers’ training • Training of bicycle riders • Recommendations for the design of bicycle infrastructure • Input for road safety awareness campaigns • Target groups: organizations and persons concerned with cycling infrastructure planning as well as cyclists’ interest groups (NGOs). ICTCT, extra- ordinary workshop, Beijing April 2016 lillibeth2.files.wordpress.com Thank you for your attention! 谢谢 ICTCT, extra- christine.chaloupka@factum.at ordinary www.factum.at workshop, +431 5041546 Beijing April 2016
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