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Common Practices: Researching Community Food Economies as Urban Commons Oona Morrow, PhD Morrowo@tcd.ie Theoriewerkstatt Postkapitalismus, AG Wissenschaft & Praxis, Alice Salomon Hochschule. Berlin 17 January 2017 Abstract In this

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Common Practices: Researching Community Food Economies as Urban Commons

Oona Morrow, PhD Morrowo@tcd.ie

Theoriewerkstatt Postkapitalismus, AG Wissenschaft & Praxis, Alice Salomon Hochschule. Berlin 17 January 2017

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Abstract

  • In this workshop I discuss the geographic tools and

methods that community economies researchers and

  • thers have developed to study the diverse economies
  • f food provisioning, make visible alternative property

arrangements, and open up urban spaces for

  • commoning. I apply these perspectives to discuss my

research on urban food mapping, community food production, and food sharing in Boston and Berlin. I highlight some of the practical "tools" for commoning that activists have developed, while exploring some of the tensions and possibilities that emerge around responsibility, accessibility, care, and ownership in common practices.

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Outline

  • Who am I?
  • Key Concepts
  • Boston
  • Berlin
  • Next steps and Questions
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Community Economies Research

(www.communityeconomies.org)

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Diverse Economies

(www.communityeconomies.org)

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Diverse Food Economies

(Gross 2014)

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Community Food Economies

(Gibson-Graham, Cameron, and Healy 2013) A community economy is a space of interdependence and ethical negotiation around:

  • what is necessary to

personal and social survival;

  • how social surplus is

appropriated and distributed;

  • whether and how social

surplus is to be produced and consumed; and

  • how a commons is produced

and sustained (Gibson- Graham 2006)

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The Commons

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Commons

  • Common Property Regimes
  • Common Pool Resources (subtractability)
  • Communities and Care
  • Public or Private
  • Formal or Informal
  • Material or Immaterial
  • Noun or Verb
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Urban Commons

  • Rural assumptions re: community, place.
  • Cities are different: density, competing land

uses, cultural diversity, capital investment

  • Already exist, but we need to learn to see

them.

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Property & Citizenship

  • “a relationship of belonging that is held up

by the surrounding space – a relationship that is not fixed but temporally and spatially contingent” (Keenan, 2010)

  • “All of the things we own and use in order to

survive well” (Gibson-Graham, et al. 2013)

  • Bundle of Rights – use, access, and

usufruct rights, the right to exclude others, the right not be exluded (Blomley)

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Care

  • A feeling of responsibility
  • As everyday work of social reproduction
  • As property claim or effect
  • As power relation
  • Who is allowed to care? How far can we

care?

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Boston

  • PhD research 2011-13
  • Questions related to household

sustainability, gender, and self-provisioning

  • How are social and economic relations

(re)configured through self-provisioning practices?

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Urban Homesteading

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Methodology

Method Objectives

Media Analysis of Urban Homesteading blogs, books, and news articles Defining Urban Homesteading. Identifying popular discourses and identities associated with UH. Developing a sampling frame. Participant Observation at Urban Homesteaders League Events Developing an experiential understanding of self-provisioning. Meeting potential interviewees. In-depth interviews and site visits (n 40) Identifying self-provisioning skills and practices, motivations, spaces, values, and experiences. Participatory Action Research (e.g. events organizing, participatory mapping, ongoing activist-scholar collaborations) To create urban commons that support collective forms of provisioning. To increase the visibility of diverse food economies in Greater Boston

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Diverse Food Economies in Boston

Labor Transactions Property Enterprise Wage Market Private Capitalist

  • ALT. PAID

Self-employed Paid in Food

  • ALT. MARKET

Farmers market Craft market Barter

  • ALT. PRIVATE

Community garden Shared backyard and kitchen Urban Commons

  • ALT. CAPITALIST

Non-profit learning Social Enterprise UNPAID Self-provisioning Housework Volunteer Work Party NON-MARKET Gifting Sharing of skills, food, materials Gleaning, Foraging, Gathering OPEN ACCESS Online Knowledge Commons Seed library Public Fruit Urban Commons NON-CAPITALIST Households (communal, feudal, and ancient). Neighborhood Cooperative Community Enterprise

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Seeing Diverse Property Practices

(Gibson-Graham, Cameron, and Healy 2013)

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League of Urban Canners

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Mapping as a tool for Commoning

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Mapping an Urban Food Commons

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Community Food Economies

  • How are access, care, responsibility,

benefit, and ownership negotiated around urban food commons?

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Commons Identi-Kit

(Gibson-Graham, Cameron, and Healy 2013)

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LURC’s Urban Food Commons

Use Access Care Responsibility Benefit Ownership League of Urban Canners Private Yards used by LURC to harvest fruit By Permission

  • f Property

Owner LURC – provides pruning and some pest management Property Owner LURC- free fruit and fun Owner – clean yard, 10% of harvest Private – individually

  • wned

“Commons IdentiKit” Adapted from Gibson-Graham, Cameron, and Healy 2014

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Negotiating Access

By permission of property owners

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Practicing Care

League members provide pruning and pest management services

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Sharing Responsibility

Property Owners and Liability Waivers

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Distributing Benefits

LURC – Free fruit & fun Preservers– 70% Harvesters – 20% Owners – Clean yard, and 10% of harvest

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Ownership

Mostly Private

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Berlin

  • Post-Doc Research
  • In collaboration with international research

team in 8 cities : Athens, Berlin, Barcelona, Dublin, London, Melbourne, New York, Singapore

  • Goal: to assess the practice and

sustainability potential of ICT-mediated Food Sharing Economies in cities.

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Diverse Economies of Food Sharing

(Gibson-Graham, Cameron, and Healy 2015) (Cagle 2014)

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Performing Diverse Food Economies

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Diverse Food Economies in Berlin

Labor Transactions Property Enterprise Finance Wage Employees Market Selling at Supermarkt Private Kleingartenverein Home gardens Capitalist Market Venture Capital

  • ALT. PAID

Self-employed Paid in Food

  • ALT. MARKET

Farmers market Craft market Barter Selling meals,

  • ALT. PRIVATE

Community gardens. Community Kitchens Fair-Teiler

  • ALT. CAPITALIST

Non-profit (e.V) gGmbh Social Enterprise

  • ALT. MARKET

Crowd Funding State and Foundation Funding UNPAID Self-provisioning Housework Volunteer Work Party kuFA NON-MARKET CSA - SolaWi Gifting skills, food, materials Gleaning, Food Rescue, Foraging, Gathering OPEN ACCESS Public Fruit via Mundraub NON-CAPITALIST Informal Volunteer Groups, Mutual Aid Networks, Community Enterprise NON-MARKET Peer lending Sweat Equity Private Donations Donations at workshops

Enterprise

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What ARE Diverse Food Economies in Berlin

Labor Transactions Property Enterprise Finance Wage Market Private Capitalist Market

  • ALT. PAID
  • ALT. MARKET
  • ALT. PRIVATE
  • ALT. CAPITALIST
  • ALT. MARKET

UNPAID NON-MARKET OPEN ACCESS NON-CAPITALIST NON-MARKET

Enterprise

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Case Studies

  • Himmel Beet
  • Mundraub
  • Foodsharing.de
  • Ueber den Teller Rand
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Himmel Beet

  • Intercultural Community

Garden – gGmbh & e.V.

  • Very strong emphasis on

Inclusion & politics of Encounter

  • Ongoing Land Struggle
  • Important node in

Wedding for sustainability

  • What is shared?: land,

compost, food, skills, experiences, kitchens, meals

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Food Sharing

  • Just getting started:

learning the rules and regulations, taking quizzes.

  • Longer engagement

with Yunity and off- line food sharing.

  • Commoning food via
  • nline platform and

fair-teiler

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Mundraub

  • Commoning public

fruit and nut trees via mapping, planting and community care

  • Community has been

hard to locate

  • Wrong time of year!
  • Are maps enough ?
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Ueber den Teller Rand

  • Social Enterprise e.V
  • Sharing cultures,

experiences, skills, and food.

  • Strong emphasis on

inclusion

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Next Steps

  • Ongoing interviews and participant
  • bservation
  • Know anyone ? Please be in touch :

Morrowo@tcd.ie

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Discussion Questions

  • How can we use our research practices to

create and care for commons, and make them more real and imaginable?

  • What/Where/How are the Commons in

Berlin?

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Commoning Practices in Berlin

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Berlin’s Urban Food Commons

Use Access Care Responsibility Benefit Ownership Gardens Kitchens Community Spaces Food

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References

  • Cagle, S. 2014. Finding a true ’sharing economy’ at the dinner table

http://www.takepart.com/article/2014/08/21/meal-sharing-services

  • Blomley, N. (2008). Enclousre, Common Right, and the Property of the Poor. Social & Legal

Studies, 17(3), 311–331.

  • Bresnihan, P. (2008). The More-than-Human Commons : From Commons to Commoning,

(Goldman 2004), 1–21. http://doi.org/10.4324/9781315731995

  • Davies, A.R. et al. 2016. SHARECITY100 Database, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Retrieved

from: http://sharecity.ie/research/sharecity100-database/

  • Gibson-Graham, J.K.(2006). A Postcapitalist Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota

Press

  • Gibson-Graham, J.K., J. Cameron, and S. Healy. 2013. Take Back the Economy.

Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press

  • Huron, A. (2015). Working with strangers in saturated space: Reclaiming and maintaining the

urban commons. Antipode, 0(0), 1–17. http://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12141

  • Keenan, S. (2010). Subversive Property : Reshaping Malleable Spaces of Belonging. Social &

Legal Studies, 19(4), 423–439. http://doi.org/10.1177/0964663910372175

  • St Martin, K. 2009. Toward a Cartography of the Commons: Constituting the Political and

Economic Possibilities of Place. Professional Geographer, 61(4), 493–507

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Thank you

Julie Graham Community Economies Research Fund

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Questions?

morrowo@tcd.ie www.sharecity.ie