SLIDE 1
Column with unit cross-sectional area Pressure = p + δp Pressure = p Ground z –δp gρδz δz
Virtual temperature, Tv
(K)From radiosonde data
A B C E D Tv ln p1 ln p2 ln p
Column with unit cross-sectional area Pressure = p + p p - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Column with unit cross-sectional area Pressure = p + p p - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Column with unit cross-sectional area Pressure = p + p p Pressure = p z g z z Ground A B ln p 2 C ln p E ln p 1 From radiosonde D data T v Virtual temperature, T v (K) W A 12 R Height (km) M W C A O L R D M
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 3
(a) (b)
W A R M W A R M C O L D
12 Height (km)
SLIDE 4
↔
V1 V2
V
Pressure p1 p2
p
A Q B Volume P F Piston Working substance Distance, x Cylinder dV
SLIDE 5
Pressure Volume Isotherm Adiabat C B A
SLIDE 6
Pressure p (hPa) Temperature T (K)
θ = 100 K θ
= 2 K
θ
= 3 K
θ = 400 K θ = 500 K
10 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 400 300 200 100
SLIDE 7
Pressure (hPa) I s
- t
h e r m T = ° C T = 2 ° C Dry Adiabat θ = 293 K θ = 273 K θ = 2 5 3 K 400 600 800 1000 T = – 2 ° C
SLIDE 8
(a) Unsaturated (b) Saturated Water
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
T, e T, es
· · ·
Water
SLIDE 9
Temperature (°C) es–esi es es – esi (hPa)
0.28 0.24 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 60 50 40 30 20 10
Saturation vapor pressure es over pure water (hPa)
–50 40 30 20 10 –10 –20 –30 –40
SLIDE 10
C (p, Td, ws (A)) A θ constant ws constant (p, T, w) B Pressure (hPa) Lifting condensation level for air at A 1000 800 600 400
SLIDE 11
T
P r e s s u r e ( h P a )
Td
LCL 1000 800 600 400 1000 800 600 400
p qw ws q ws q Tw qe
SLIDE 12
Temperature TA TB Height Γd Γ (b) A B (a) Temperature TA TB Γd Γ O B A Height O
SLIDE 13
ρg Surface ρ′g ρ, T ρ′, T ′ z
SLIDE 14
SLIDE 15
SLIDE 16
B O A Γ Height LFC LCL Γs Γd Temperature
SLIDE 17
(a) (b) (c) B A A B A B A B (d)
SLIDE 18
B A Td T Height Temperature
SLIDE 19
Force
P Y B S H C T2 T1
SLIDE 20
T1 Isotherm T2 Isotherm B C D A Adiabat Adiabat Pressure Volume
SLIDE 21
T1 T2 T3 θ1 θ2 θ3 Volume Pressure
SLIDE 22
T1 T2
A X Y D Adiabat Adiabat Isotherm Isotherm Temperature, T Entropy, S B C
SLIDE 23
es es – des B C D A Saturated vapor pressure Saturated vapor pressure es – des es
A, D B, C
T – dT T (b) Temperature (a) Volume
SLIDE 24
T-dT
es – des T – dT es – des es – des T – dT es T es T T es T – dT es – des T es T – dT
(a) (b) (c) (d)
A D D C C B B A
SOURCE T SINK T – dT
SLIDE 25
(a) (b) patmos patmos Pressure inside bubble = es(TB) = patmos T < TB Water T = TB Water
SLIDE 26
Q1 Q1 Q2 Q2 – q
R I Source θ
1
Sink θ
2