Color imaging sensors with perovskite alloys (Conference - - PDF document

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Color imaging sensors with perovskite alloys (Conference Presentation)

Conference Paper · April 2020

DOI: 10.1117/12.2572385

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Color Imaging Sensors with Perovskite Alloys

by

Mohammad Ismail Hossain

• W. Qarony1, H. A. Khan2, M. Kozawa3, A. Salleo4, J. Y. Hardeberg2,
• H. Fujiwara2, Y. H. Tsang1, D. Knipp4

1) Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 2) The Norwegian Colour and Visual Computing Laboratory, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjøvik, Norway 3) Department

• f

Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan 4) Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.

27 April – 1 May 2020

Outline

❑ Motivation ❑ Vertically Stacked vs Conventional Color Sensors ❑ Perovskite Color Sensors ❑ Colorimetric Characterization ❑ Summary

Security and surveillance Consumer electronics Artificial Intelligence

Source: Google Image

Motivation

Why Perovskites???

❑ Direct bandgap material ❑ High Absorption Coefficient ❑ Large diffusion length ❑ Tunable bandgap property ❑ Structure: ABX3 ❑ A: organic or/and inorganic cation ❑ B: divalent cation ❑ C: monovalent halide anion

Low Cost Deposition

Advancement in photovoltaic conversion efficiency

Working Principle

❑ Converts detected light signal to electrical signal. ❑ Under the illumination, a depletion region is created, where a built-in electric field facilitates the segregation

• f

electrons and holes. ❑ Width of the depletion region is determined by the accumulation

• f charge carriers.

Vertically Stacked vs Conventional Color Sensor

Color pixel of conventional color sensor Color pixel of vertically stacked color sensor Disadvantage: Color error caused by Color Moire effect Advantage: Free of color Moire effect

Investigated Vertically Stacked Sensors

P.M. Hubel et.al., Sensors Camera Syst. Sci. Ind. Digit.

• Photogr. Appl. V, 2004. doi:10.1117/12.561568.

Commercially available vertically stacked color sensor: Foveon

Sensors are limited by the achieved color error

• S. Yakunin, Y, NPG Asia Mater. (2017). doi:10.1038/am.2017.163.
• T. Smith, J. Guild, , Trans. Opt. Soc. (1931). doi:10.1088/1475-4878/33/3/301.

Experimentally realized color sensor with mechanically stacked pure perovskite crystals Colormetrical standard observer

• r color matching functions

Blue: 450 nm / 500 nm (2.7 eV / 2.5 eV) Green: 550 nm / 600 nm (2.3 eV / 2.1 eV) Red: 650 nm / 700 nm (2.0 eV / 1.8 eV)

Vertically Stacked Perovskite Color Sensors

❑ Bandgaps

• f

absorbers must be matched with visible spectrum. ❑ Bandgaps should be adjusted with colors red, green, and blue. ❑ The thicknesses

• f

absorbers are selected to be larger than penetration depths. Important Points ~

SE()=e××QE()/(h×c) Full Width Half Maxima (FWHM) of 50 nm, 136 nm, and 244 nm Maxima

• f

the spectral responsivity at 400 nm, 500 nm, and 700 nm

Vertically Stacked Perovskite Color Sensors

Material selection: perovskite alloys

Optical properties of perovskite alloys using Energy Shifting model

Eg(x) = 2.28 + 0.48x + 0.3x2 eV Eg(x) = 1.61 + 0.34x + 0.33x2 eV

Select Bandgap Determine Composition Calculate Electronic Structure Determine Optical Properties

Vertically Stacked Perovskite Color Sensors

proposed sensor design with perovskite alloys

❑ UV blocking layer

• f

MAPbCl3 is placed to suppress unwanted UV radiation and lights shorter than 400 nm. ❑ Spectral responsivities exhibit center wavelengths at 450, 550, and 650 nm, which match very well with color matching functions. ❑ FWHM (87 to 95 nm) also nicely matches with FWHM

• f

matching functions of 60 to 100 nm.

No optical filters and infrared blocking layers are required, since sensor covers from 400 nm to 700 nm

Colorimetric Characterization and Color Error

comparison: conventional vs proposed design

Sensor Arrangement

• f sensor

channels Materials Color error Ref. Sensor with Color Filter Array (CFA) side-by-side crystalline silicon sensor plus polymer filters 4.4 [1] Foveon Sensor (stacked silicon diodes) vertical crystalline silicon 5.0 [2] Stacked silicon thin film diodes vertical silicon alloys 5.0 [3] Stacked Perovskite diodes vertical MAPbCl3 MAPbBr3 MAPbI3 15 [4] Stacked Perovskite diodes vertical MAPbCl3 MAPbBr3 MAPbI3 15 this study Stacked Perovskite diodes vertical MAPbBr1-xClx MAPbI1-xBrx 3.7 this study

1. A.E. and H.E. Gamal, Digit. Still Cameras. 21 (2017) 143–178. 2.

• A. J.Y. Wang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. (2009).

3. P.G. Herzog et al., Color Imaging Device-Independent Color. Color Hardcopy, Graph. Arts IV, 2003. 4.

• S. Yakunin et al., NPG Asia Mater. (2017).

❑ Colorimetric characterization is performed by a linear transformation matrix method. ❑ The method transforms color space

• f

color sensor to color space

• f

human standard observer. ❑ Finally, color error is calculated according to a procedure

• utlined by CIE.

Summary

❑ Color sensors based on vertically stacked perovskite diodes have been proposed, designed, and colorimetrically characterized. ❑ Multi-bandgap perovskite alloys with suitable bandgaps were utilized. ❑ The electronic structure and optical properties of the perovskite alloys were determined by the energy shifting model. ❑ Sensing of colors without using color filters and demosaicking algorithm. ❑ Very high quantum efficiency of over 80%, while the conventional sensor with CFA exhibits max of 33%. ❑ Up to our knowledge for the first time, it could be shown that a vertically stacked three color sensor exhibits a color error equal to, or smaller than errors of conventional sensors using optical filters.

References

1. P.M. Hubel et al., Spatial frequency response of color image sensors: Bayer color filters and Foveon X3, in: Sensors Camera

• Syst. Sci. Ind. Digit. Photogr. Appl. V, 2004.

2. A.E. and H.E. Gamal, CMOS image sensors, Image Sensors Signal Process. Digit. Still Cameras. 21 (2017) 143–178. 3.

• W. Qarony, M.I. Hossain, V. Jovanov, A. Salleo, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Influence of Perovskite Interface Morphology on the

Photon Management in Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12 (2020) 15080-15086. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b21985. 4. M.I. Hossain, N. Yumnam, W. Qarony, A. Salleo, V. Wagner, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Non-resonant metal-oxide metasurfaces for efficient perovskite solar cells, Sol. Energy. 198 (2020) 570–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.01.082. 5. M.I. Hossain, A. Hongsingthong, W. Qarony, P. Sichanugrist, M. Konagai, A. Salleo, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Optics of Perovskite Solar Cell Front Contacts, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 11 (2019) 14693–14701. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b16586. 6. M.I. Hossain, W. Qarony, S. Ma, L. Zeng, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: From Detailed Balance Limit Calculations to Photon Management, Nano-Micro Lett. 11 (2019) 58. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40820-019-0287-8. 7.

• W. Qarony, M.I. Hossain, A. Salleo, M.I. Hossain, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Rough versus planar interfaces: How to maximize the

short circuit current of perovskite single and tandem solar cells, Mat. Today Energy 11 (2019) 3106-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2018.10.001. 8. M.I. Hossain, W. Qarony, V. Jovanov, Y.H. Tsang, D. Knipp, Nanophotonic design of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, J.

• Mater. Chem. A. 6 (2018) 3625–3633. https://doi.org/ 10.1039/C8TA00628H.

9.

• W. Qarony, M.I. Hossain, R. Dewan, S. Fischer, V.B. Meyer-Rochow, A. Salleo, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Approaching Perfect

Light Incoupling in Perovskite and Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells by Moth Eye Surface Textures, Adv. Theory Simulations. 1 (2018) 1800030. https://doi.org/10.1002/adts.201800030.

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Supporting Information

16

• A. El Gamal and H. Eltoukhy, CMOS image sensors, IEEE Circuits and

Devices Magazine 21(3), 6-20 (2005).

Background of digital camera and image sensor

Imaging System Pipeline

Focusing scene

a.) Image sensor converts incident light to electrical signal b.) CFA produces only one

• f the 3 colors of RGB at a

time

ADC converts electrical signal to digital Demosaicking algorithm creates full color image

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