SLIDE 1
www.ecologic.eu
- R. Andreas Kraemer – Director – Ecologic.eu
www.ecologic.eu
Climate and Energy Policy in Germany and the EU R. Andreas Kraemer - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Climate and Energy Policy in Germany and the EU R. Andreas Kraemer - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
www.ecologic.eu Climate and Energy Policy in Germany and the EU R. Andreas Kraemer Director Ecologic.eu Berlin Brussels Vienna | Washington DC www.ecologic.eu Preview of Content Security through Energy Policy: Germany's
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 3
www.ecologic.eu
Germany's Energy and Security Strategy in Context
Germany in a Sweet Spot, but Concerned about Global Stability "Climate-Safe Future": Efficiency, Renewable up; Fossils, Nuclear out
Domestic Fossils Insignificant; Lignite in long-term phase out Efficiency Supported by Energy Taxes and other Supporting Policies Renewables: Feed-In Tariffs, BioEnergy (not BioFuel) >> Growth, Jobs, ... 100% Renewable Power in 2040?; 100% Renewable Energy in 2050? Nuclear Phase-Out, Adopted - Abandoned - "Moratorium" after Fukushima
Doing Well by Doing Good: Exporting Solutions
In the EU: "Community Method" plus Horizontal & Vertical Policy Learning; International Climate Initiative; IRENA, ICAP, Transatlantic Climate Bridge
Policy Continuity Across Parties; Conflicts between Policy Communities
SLIDE 4
www.ecologic.eu
EU Climate & Energy Policy I – Drivers (Strong Momentum)
Concerns (European Parliament)
Greenland ice sheet, Arctic sea ice Siberian permafrost, Sea-level Rise (Venice & the Dutch)
Political and Diplomatic Capital in:
UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Cancùn, G8 > G20+ EU Emission Trading System EU External Policy
Neighbourhood Policy; Enlargement of the Single Market Vehicle for Developing EU Foreign and Security Policy
Voters' Expectations and Public Pressure (Al Gore) Focus on Economic Opportunities (EU ETS)
SLIDE 5
www.ecologic.eu
EU Climate & Energy Policy II – Trends and Changes
Integration of Policies >> Policy Coherence
Climate & Energy; Foreign & Security; Russia; Internal Market & Enlargement; Neighbourhood Policy; Research & Technology; Transport; Agriculture; Trade & Development; ....
Shift to Demand Side Policy (Efficiency) and Demand Management
Efficiency Standards (Appliances, Cars, Buildings, ...) Smart Grid + Demand Response (via load-based tariffs?)
Opportunities in Decentralized Systems >> New Forms of Governance
Challenges the "Centralization Paradigm" of European Policies
Nuclear Power (Euratom 1957), Proliferation, Security
Iran >>> Arab States, Pakistan, India, North Korea, ...
>>> Credibility ?
SLIDE 6
www.ecologic.eu
EU Climate & Energy Policy III – Energy 2020
EU Energy Goals from June 2010 "Europe 2020 – Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth"
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 20% (30%) by 2020 Increase Share of Renewable Energy to 20% by 2020 Improve Energy Efficiency by 20% by 2020
The Energy 2020 Strategy focuses on 5 Priorities:
Achieving an Energy Efficient Europe Building a Truly Pan-European Integrated Energy Market Empowering Consumers and Achieving the Highest Level of Safety and Security Extending Europe's Leadership in Energy Technology & Innovation Strengthening the External Dimension of the EU Energy Market
Official document: www.energy.eu/directives/com-2010-0639.pdf Brochure: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2011_energy2020_en.pdf
SLIDE 7
www.ecologic.eu
EU Climate & Energy Policy III – Energy 2020 (Forecast)
SLIDE 8
www.ecologic.eu
EU Climate & Energy Policy III – Energy 2020 (Desire)
80% Cut in Energy Consumption with:
Currently available Technologies Consumption Changes only via Changing Prices Participation of all EconomySectors
Efficient Pathway:
- 25% by 2020
- 40% by 2030
- 60% by 2040
SLIDE 9
www.ecologic.eu
EU Climate & Energy Policy IV – Roadmap 2050
Focus on Energy Efficiency ("Key"), Emission Trading Helps Efficiency Meet 20% Energy Efficiency Target, and Cut GHG Emission by 25% Mobilizes Annual Investment of 270 bn Euros 2010-2050; 1.5% of GDP Saves Annually 175-320 bn Euros 2010-2050 (based on 70$/barrel) Annual Air Quality & Health Benefits: 27 bn € (2030) to 88 bn € (2050) Secures Long-Term Prosperity, Safeguards against Price Shocks Creates (net) 1.5 million New Jobs (by 2020), Improves Skill Profiles Mirrors "Green Growth" Action in Korea, China, Brazil, India Stimulates (& would benefit) from New Energy Technology (Research) Would be Assisted by Managing Ecosystems as Carbon Sinks
SLIDE 10
www.ecologic.eu
EU Climate & Energy Policy V – Energy Efficiency Plan 2011
On 4 February 2011, Heads of EU State and Goverments Resolved to:
"Take determined action to tap the considerable potential for higher energy savings of buildings, transport, and products and processes."
On 8 March 2011, European Commision Adopts Energy Efficiency Plan with Proposals for Achieving the 20% Efficiency Target for 2020:
Governments Set Example (Renovation of Public Buildings, Procurement) Efficiency Standards for Industrial Equipment, Energy Audits, and Energy Management Systems Improvement in the of Generation Power and Heat (Co-Generation) Investment in Smart Grids and Smart Meters (Empowering Consumers)
SLIDE 11
www.ecologic.eu
External Aspects of Energy Security (for the EU)
Reliable, Affordable, Sustainable Flows of Energy into the EU From Scarcity and Competition to Strategic Partnerships (new) Energy Charter Transit Protocol (Russia) Expand Energy Internal Market to Neighbours (Energy Community Treaty >> South-Eastern Europe) Integrate Energy Security Aspects in
European Neighbourhood Policy (e.g. Algeria) EU Trade Policy, pursued through the WTO Relations with Developing Countries and Fast-Growing Economies (e.g. China)
SLIDE 12
www.ecologic.eu
Energy Community Treaty 2005 – Aims
Internal Energy Market with South Eastern Europe (Balkans, Caucasus) Legal and Economic Framework for Network Energies (Power, Gas) Stable and Regulatory Market Framework Capable of Attracting Investment Single Regulatory Space for Trade (EU Emission Trading System) Enhance Security of Supply and Environment Develop Electricity and Gas Market Competition
- n Broader Geographical Scale [Link to EU Neighbourhood Policy]
>>> Expansion of the European Community or Union
SLIDE 13
www.ecologic.eu
Energy Charter Treaty 1994 – Purpose and Aims
Integrating Energy Sectors of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe into
European (EU) Markets World Markets
Focus on Trade, Transit and Investment Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Environment [EU Wants an Energy Charter Transit Protocol] Russia ('Energy Superpower') Refuses to Ratify >>> Energy Charter Treaty Dead, or Suspended? (Still Is the Most Advanced International Framework)
SLIDE 14
www.ecologic.eu
Policy Learning Experience I – Germany and the EU
Ministers of Environment of Bund and Länder (16+1) Meet Biannually
Meetings are Prepared by Meetings of the Chiefs of Staff Ministers: Steering Committee for Working Groups
Water 1965, Länder Initiative Waste 1963 Air Pollution 1964 Nature, Landscape, Recreation 1971 Soil Protection 1971 Genetic Technology 1991 Chemical Safety 1996 Sustainable Development 2001
Separate Bio-Regional Structures, e.g. River Basin Organisations
- Länder Directors
- Work Programs
- Sub-Groups
- Focal Points
- Web Sites
- Rotating Chairs (2y)
- Federal Involvement
- EU Relevance
Kraemer, R. Andreas 2007: “Federalism and Environmental Regulation in Germany and the EU.” AICGS Policy Report, No. 31 Federalism and Environmentalism in the United States and Germany, 7-32. http://ecologic.eu/2095
SLIDE 15
www.ecologic.eu
Policy Learning Experience II – Germany and the EU
Treaty Infringements Procedures (> before the EU Court of Justice) Directives Establish Rational Policy Management Systems:
MS report on Transposition, administrative Implementation, and Success Commission reports EU-wide, makes recommendations, proposes new law Council of Ministers and Parliament decide on new law or amendments
Vertical Policy Learning by Going Around the Policy Cycle (Spiral?) Horizontal Policy Learning through Council Working Groups etc. Many Entry Points for New Data, Information, Technologies etc.
SLIDE 16
www.ecologic.eu
Experience III – Evaluation of EU Experience [J. Zeitlin]
Cooperation, Coordination, and Policy Learning in the EU are:
Are Genuinely Joint and Multi-Level in their Operation Advance Common Concerns and Interests of Member States
While Respecting their Autonomy and Diversity
Are Useful, Efficient and Flexible; Provide Benefits for all Parties Lead to Shared Information, Comparison and Re-Assessments of Policy, and Convergence of Objectives, Performance, and Policy Are Good for Complex and Sensitive Areas where
Diversity Precludes Harmonisation Inaction is Politically Unacceptable Strategic Uncertainty Recommends Mutual Learning
Zeitlin, Jonathan (2005): "Social Europe and Experimentalist Governance: Towards a New Constitutional Compromise?" in Gràinne de Bùrca (ed.), EU Law and the Welfare State: In Search of Solidarity, Oxford UP, 2005: 213-41.
SLIDE 17
www.ecologic.eu
Functions and Benefits of Policy Learning
Identify 'Low-Hanging Fruit' and Widen the Range of Policy Choices Provide 'Peer' Recognition for Pioneers, Innovators, Problem-Solvers ... Allow for Initiation, Inter-Generational Teaching and Learning
Establish a Shared Memory of Policies (History, Background, ...) Allow for Connectivity to the Past, Strengthening Continuity of Policy
Facilitate the Integration of Policy Fields (Expertise, Roles, Values, ...)
Policy-Makers (including Legislators), Administrators, Evaluators, Business, Media, Public Interests, Academia, Think Tanks, ... Integration of Environmental Protection Requirements into other Policies
Replicating and Multiplying Success, but also Avoiding Mistakes !
SLIDE 18
www.ecologic.eu
Policy Learning Experience IV – International Partnerships
Knigge & Collins (2005) Find that [US-EU] Partnerships Build on:
Dedicated Individuals, Reciprocal Visits, Friendships Agreed Objectives; Environment adding Legitimacy to the Partnership Effort Workshops and Conferences, Exchange of Case Studies (Practicalities!) Telecommunication, Internet, Video-Conferences Relationships with 'Like People', not integrated across policy communities Weak Finances, Support from Foundations and Businesses
Underused are:
Fellowships, Secondments (but some grants are available) Reporting of Activities, Lessons Learned, Impacts, Analysis
Knigge, Markus, and Matthew Collins (2005): "An Ocean Apart? Subnational Transatlantic Cooperation". Berlin: Ecologic Institute. http://www.ecologic.de/download/verschiedenes/2005/knigge_collins_an_ocean_apart.pdf
SLIDE 19
www.ecologic.eu
Policy Learning Experience IV – International Partnerships
Knigge & Collins (2005) Report Challenges ...
Funding, easy for Business, difficult for civil society and public officials Unbalenced Resources (more in EU Member States) Language Barrier; Suspicion that Visits are chiefly for Pleasure Staff Fluctuation and Succession (weak Institutionalisation) Elections and Changes in the Orientation of Government
... and Opportunities:
Monitoring & Reporting, Evaluations (for Impact Analysis, and Justification) Documenting Impacts, Costs Saved, and Mistakes Avoided ! Follow-up, and Mutual Assistance, Secondments Use of Existing Programs (e.g. Sister City Programs)
Knigge, Markus, and Matthew Collins (2005): "An Ocean Apart? Subnational Transatlantic Cooperation". Berlin: Ecologic Institute. http://www.ecologic.de/download/verschiedenes/2005/knigge_collins_an_ocean_apart.pdf
SLIDE 20
www.ecologic.eu
Design Criteria and Elements for Policy Learning
Environmental Policy is Young and Dynamic (Need for Flexibility) Policies on Environment and Sustainability Need:
Linkages (horizontal, vertical, diagonal, cross-policy) Connection to Innovation and Knowledge Systems
Policy Learning Systems Need:
Support from the Top; a Core Group, and Dedication Focus, Vision, Mission, Myths & Memories, Rhythm
'Likes' lead to Coordination | 'Variants' lead to Contestation (both good) Facilitation, Resources, and secure, mid-term Funding Evaluation (Indicators), Openness and Transparency, Visibility
SLIDE 21
www.ecologic.eu
Linking Sub-National Systems and Policy Learning
Link Existing Sub-National Systems
Start with Non-Critical Areas (e.g. Planning (in the European sense))
Link Existing Sub-National Bilateral Partnerships
Such as State to State Exchanges, Sister City Programs Disseminate Results and Benefits, Create Platforms (Social Media?)
Open/Use Existing International Fora for Provinces or States
Such as UNEP, UNDP, Habitat, OECD, CSD, UN/ECE, World Bank, G20 Make them more Relevant for Practice
Open Existing International Fora for Provinces and States
Summits, Research Cooperation, "Trilateralise" China–Europe–US
SLIDE 22
www.ecologic.eu
Enormous Hidden Cost, Not Reflected in Prices or Political Debate (Mining, Processing, Fuel Cycle, Operation, Waste, Decommissioning) Enormous Legacy Cost in Waste, Sites, Pollution, Uninhabitable Areas No Good for Energy Independence (only Power, Fuel is Finite) No Business Case (needs subsidies, loan guarantees, liability waivers) No Place in a Market-Based Energy Supply System Weapons Programs as Technological, Economic & Political Context No Avoiding Nuclear Proliferation to Rogue States & Terrorists No Innocent and "Peaceful" Use of Nuclear Technology Thus: No Justification for Third Pillar of Non-Proliferation Treaty
Before Fukushima – Lessons on Nuclear Power
SLIDE 23
www.ecologic.eu
EU Should Abolish EURATOM Treaty, Replace with Phase-Out Pact US, EU, Japan (et alii) Governments, Regulators, Industry and Utilities
Remove the Civilian Veil and Call Nuclear Power a "Costly Mistake" and Admit it is Incompatible with an Open, Modern, Innovative, and Just Society Shift to 100% Renewables over 30 to 40 years (Smart Grids and Tariffs, ...) Help other Countries Especially if they Forego or Give up Nuclear Weapons Start a "Nuclear Full-Disclosure Project" (to be expanded to all energies) on
All Subsidies, Incidents & Accidents All Past Wrongful Non-Disclosure to an by Regulators & Elected Officials Full Cost of Security Policies around Nuclear Technology & Nuclear Power (Diplomatic, Economic, Trade-Related, Counter-Terrorism, Military, Defense, ...)
Change the IAEA Statutes, & Re-Negotiate the Non-Proliferation Treaty
Before Fukushima – Global Nuclear Governance
SLIDE 24
www.ecologic.eu
After Fukushima – Energy [R]Evolution Japan: Electricity
Global Energy Scenario by Greenpeace and EREC: http://www.energyblueprint.info/fileadmin/media/documents/national/2008/09_gpi_japan_lr.pdf Graphics are available at the web site for the electricity sector of Japan at http://www.energyblueprint.info/538.0.html