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Goals of Standardizing The aim is to make soil moisture observations more useful in decision support, monitoring, and modeling applications, moreover; standardized dataset would ideally be available in near-real time at an hourly frequency . Improves monitoring and enhances situational awareness. • i. Availability of timely soil moisture conditions ii. Permits a wide range of monitoring metrics (i.e., percent of drought-hours over the past week). Eases temporal alignment with remotely sensed products (i.e., satellite and radar). • i. Non-stationary satellite passes can be periodic and short in duration. ii. Hourly resolution radar products Allows for direct model comparisons and assimilation of soil moisture data from • research to operational uses. i. Numerical models tend to report at hourly frequency ii. Assimilation efforts routinely include variables representing conditions over specific hours (i.e., 3 or 6 hourly steps). 8

Climatology Examples A 31-day sample length climatology for Bowling Green, KY and Elgin, AZ show reasonable results. 9

Climatology Validation Sensitivity tests were evaluated at 14 SCAN sites to determine the appropriate sample length for hourly soil moisture climatologies, and the degree to which the most recent 7-years is representative of the longer dataset Monte Carlo simulations 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 • randomly drawn years a 1000 times. Climatologies using • sample lengths of 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, and 45 days were computed. Total of 30,000 Monte • Carlo runs per SCAN station. 10

Sensitivity Results Sensitivity results indicate we can construct a reasonable soil moisture climatology with the last 7 years of data based on an analysis of SCAN data. The improvement in error levels off after 7-years using a 31-day sample length. 11

Last 7-Years The most recent 7-year period was within 0.4 standard deviations of the randomized 7-year Monte Carlo mean. 12

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Hydrological Analysis How well do volumetric and standardized soil moisture observations compare with stream flow? Delineated watersheds that drain the USCRN station and surrounding region. Pulled USGS stream gage data and identified instances of high flow; stream discharge rates exceeding the 95 th percentile. The Newton, GA station is within the Ichawaynochaway Creek watershed, which drains an area of 2573 km 2 20

USCRN Watersheds 21

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