CIGRE US National Committee 2014 Grid of the Future Symposium - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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CIGRE US National Committee 2014 Grid of the Future Symposium - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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CIGRE US National Committee 2014 Grid of the Future Symposium Initial Field Trials of Distributed Series Reactors and Implications for Future Applications I GRANT J COUILLARD Tennessee Valley Authority Smart Wire Grid Inc. USA USA J SHULTZ F

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CIGRE US National Committee 2014 Grid of the Future Symposium

Initial Field Trials of Distributed Series Reactors and Implications for Future Applications Ian Grant

Tennessee Valley Authority

Presented by: BRUCE ROGERS, Director, Technology Innovation, TVA

I GRANT Tennessee Valley Authority USA J COUILLARD Smart Wire Grid Inc. USA J SHULTZ Tennessee Valley Authority USA F KREIKEBAUM Smart Wire Grid Inc. USA S OMRAN Virginia Tech USA R BROADWATER Electrical Distribution Design (EDD) USA 1

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Distributed Series Reactor

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Background

The Distributed Series Reactor is a self contained device, powered by induction from a transmission line conductor, that increases the series impedance of a circuit by injecting series reactance. The concept was first demonstrated in 2002 – 2003 and has been demonstrated in pilot installations on HV transmission lines.

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Equivalent Circuit

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With secondary winding shorted, injection is negligible

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DSR Characteristics (typical)

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Model Rated Current (A) Injection Mode Inductance at Rated Current (μH) Reactance added per DSR* (p.u.) 115 kV 138 kV 161 kV 230 kV

750 750 47

1.34e-4 9.30e-5 6.84e-5 3.35e-5

1000 1000 42

1.20e-4 8.31e-5 6.11e-5 2.99e-5

1500 1500 37

1.05e-4 7.32e-5 5.38e-5 2.64e-5

For a 161 kV line, assume 5 spans per mile and a device at each end of each span i.e. 10 devices per mile. Approximate impedance increase = 20%

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Example Application in Meshed Grid

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39 BUS SYSTEM

– Baseline MW: 1904 MW – Increase in ATC possible: 638 MW (33.5%) – Increase in line availability from 59% to 93%

G1 G8 G10 2 30 1 G2 G3 G9 G4 G5 G6 G7 39 9 8 7 5 4 3 18 37 25 17 26 28 29 38 24 27 15 14 12 13 10 11 32 34 20 19 21 22 35 23 36 16 6 31

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Communication and Control

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Manual or automatic control through preset trigger points (e.g. line current), Power Line Carrier, Cell phone Individual information display available in control center for each DSR

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Pilot Test at TVA

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100 DSRs installed on 17 spans of 21 mile 161 kV line at TVA Approximately 10 minutes to install each DSR

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Prototype DSR Installation at TVA

TVA - 14.5 Miles of ACSR 795.0-26/7

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DSR Installation

Clamshell construction. The two halves are positioned on the line and secured together with a torque wrench The devices run self diagnostics and can be remotely tested Each module can be triggered at a predefined set point or controlled remotely

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Pilot Test Results

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  • Total Impedance Increase (33 DSRs / Phase @ 47 µH / DSR): .226 % (degree of

control limited by number of available devices and a test line that was longer than

  • ptimal for the demonstration)
  • Devices performed as expected over 4-step range
  • Devices also successfully used to adjust phase imbalance
  • Single point failure of communication system identified for necessary design upgrade
  • DSRs presently considered unsuitable for bundled conductor use, although technically

feasible

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Future Applications

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  • Success of pilot opens path to more critical applications
  • Simplest application is reduction of maximum contingency load for postponement of

line uprate

  • Ability to quickly relocate DSRs reduces cost to individual projects
  • Extreme case for portion of HV grid to have dynamically assigned line loading for

selected goals, e.g. minimize system losses

  • Future designs may provide capacitive injection to reduce reactive impedance
  • Future designs with high speed controls may be low cost alternative to FACTS
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The IEEE 39 bus standard test system converted to a three phase system with 345kV lines

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Structure Type: 3L11Utility: Houston Lighting & Power Company

Reference: EPRI, Transmission Line Reference Book - 345kV and above

The 345kV Line Configuration

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Unbalanced: Positive Sequence:

Positive Sequence Z is derived from the Unbalanced Model Z using the symmetrical components transformation

Line Impedance Models

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75 900 1950 3525 5550 675 1650 3750

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

141% 143% 145% 147% 149% 141% 143% 145% 147% 149% Positive Sequence Unbalanced

  • No. of DSRs deployed

System Loading (%)

Line5-6 Line6-7 Line13-14 Total

DSR Design for Load Growth

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 141% 143% 145% 147% 149% Slope (MW/DSR) System Loading (%)

Positive Sequence Unbalanced Slope (MW/DSR) for different System Loading % 141% 143% 145% 147% 149% Positive Sequence 33.60 2.93 1.41 0.81 0.54 Unbalanced 4.09 1.75 0.80

Unbalanced vs. Positive Sequence Impedance Model

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DSR Design for Single Contingency: Unbalanced Impedance Model

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DSRs Deployed and Load Supplied

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Lines with DSRs Reinforced Lines

1500 DSR

  • n line5-6

75 DSR on line13-14

The Selected Design at 140% System Loading

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DSR Design vs. Line Reinforcement for Single Contingency and Load Growth: Economic Evaluation

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  • Determine the maximum MW supplied to

load while handling all single contingencies

– Case1: Three Lines Reinforced with No DSR – Case2: Three Lines Reinforced with DSR

  • Economic assessment of both cases

Economic Evaluation

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  • Case1: With Three Lines Reinforced
  • 125% loading is reached
  • Case2: With Three Lines Reinforced and

DSRs Deployed

  • 140% loading is reached and selected as a

desired DSR Design due to its technical merits

– Fewer number of DSRs deployed. – Least % change in lines impedance.

Economic Evaluation Results

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Reinforced Line Length (miles) Line2-3 37 Line6-7 29 Line15-16 29

  • Cost of 345 kV, single circuit = 1298 $k /mile
  • Total length of the reinforced lines = 95 miles.

Case % Loading Max MW supplied MW increase Base 100% 6309.4 Case1 125% 7886.6 1577.2 Case2 140% 8833.1 946.5

  • Max MW supplied at different % loading:

Data for the Economic Study

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  • Cost of 95 miles of line =

95 x 1298 k$ = 123.31 $M

  • Cost for 1577.2 MW of load increase =

123.31 $M

  • Cost per MW of load increase for

reinforcing lines = 123.31 $M/1577.2 MW = 78,182 $/MW

Line Reinforcement Cost

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  • For the selected DSR design, a loading of

140% is achieved using 1575 DSR modules.

  • DSR worth in terms of transmission line

value:

– Cost of 946.5 MW of load increase =

946.5 MW x 78,182.8 $/MW = 74 $M

– Thus the equivalent value of 1 DSR =

74 $M/1575 DSRs = 46,984 $/DSR

DSR Design Cost: Unbalanced Model

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Questions

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