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Chapter Outline Chapter Outline Some social science paradigms Some social science paradigms Chapter 2- -3 3 Chapter 2 Macrotheory and microtheory Macrotheory and microtheory Early positivism Early positivism

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Chapter 2 Chapter 2-

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3 Paradigms, Theory, Paradigms, Theory, Research, and Ethnics of Research, and Ethnics of Social Research Social Research

Chapter Outline Chapter Outline

  • Some social science paradigms

Some social science paradigms

  • Macrotheory and microtheory

Macrotheory and microtheory

  • Early positivism

Early positivism

  • Conflict paradigm

Conflict paradigm

  • Symbolic interactionism

Symbolic interactionism

  • Ethnomethodology

Ethnomethodology

  • Structural functionalism

Structural functionalism

  • Feminist paradigms

Feminist paradigms

  • Two logical systems revisited

Two logical systems revisited

  • Deduction and deductive theory construction

Deduction and deductive theory construction

  • Induction and inductive theory construction

Induction and inductive theory construction

  • The link between theory and research

The link between theory and research – – the wheel of sciences the wheel of sciences

  • The importance of theory in the real world

The importance of theory in the real world

  • Ethnical issues in social research

Ethnical issues in social research

  • Voluntary participation

Voluntary participation

  • No harm to participants

No harm to participants

  • Anonymity and confidentiality

Anonymity and confidentiality

  • Deception

Deception

  • Analysis and reporting

Analysis and reporting

  • Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

  • Professional code of ethnics

Professional code of ethnics

What are the functions of theory? What are the functions of theory?

  • Definition of Theory: A theory is a systematic

Definition of Theory: A theory is a systematic set of interrelated statements intended to set of interrelated statements intended to explain some aspect of social life. explain some aspect of social life.

  • Functions of theory:

Functions of theory:

  • Prevents "flukes”.

Prevents "flukes”.

  • Make sense of observed patterns in ways that

Make sense of observed patterns in ways that suggest other possibilities. suggest other possibilities.

  • Shapes and directs research efforts.

Shapes and directs research efforts.

What is a paradigm? What is a paradigm?

  • A paradigm is a fundamental model or scheme

A paradigm is a fundamental model or scheme that organizes our view of something. that organizes our view of something.

  • Social sciences use a variety of paradigms to

Social sciences use a variety of paradigms to

  • rganize how they understand and inquire into
  • rganize how they understand and inquire into

social life. social life.

What is the difference between What is the difference between macrotheory and microtheory? macrotheory and microtheory?

  • Macrotheory: Theories that focuses on society

Macrotheory: Theories that focuses on society at large or at least on large portions of it. at large or at least on large portions of it.

  • Examples: government fiscal policy, international

Examples: government fiscal policy, international trade trade

  • Microtheory: Theories that deals with society

Microtheory: Theories that deals with society at the level of individuals and small groups at the level of individuals and small groups

  • Examples: marriage and divorce behavior,

Examples: marriage and divorce behavior, consumer decision consumer decision-

  • making

making

What are the major social science What are the major social science paradigms? paradigms?

  • Positivism

Positivism -

  • assumes we can scientifically discover the rules

assumes we can scientifically discover the rules governing social life. governing social life.

  • Auguste Comte: societies can be studied and understood logically

Auguste Comte: societies can be studied and understood logically and and rationally. rationally.

  • Conflict

Conflict -

  • focuses on attempts of a person or group to

focuses on attempts of a person or group to dominate and avoid being dominated. dominate and avoid being dominated.

  • Karl Marx: class struggle

Karl Marx: class struggle

  • Symbolic

Symbolic interactionism interactionism -

  • examines development of shared

examines development of shared meanings and social patterns in the course of social meanings and social patterns in the course of social interactions. interactions.

  • George Herbert Mead: most interactions revolve around the proces

George Herbert Mead: most interactions revolve around the process of s of individuals reaching a common understanding through language and individuals reaching a common understanding through language and

  • ther symbolic systems.
  • ther symbolic systems.
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What are the major social science What are the major social science paradigms (continued)? paradigms (continued)?

  • Ethnomethodology

Ethnomethodology -

  • focuses on how people make sense of

focuses on how people make sense of life while they are living it. life while they are living it.

  • One method commonly used is to break the rules to see how people

One method commonly used is to break the rules to see how people react to that, such as facing the rear of the elevator instead o react to that, such as facing the rear of the elevator instead of facing the f facing the front. front.

  • Structural functionalism

Structural functionalism -

  • focuses on the functions the

focuses on the functions the elements of society perform for the whole system of society. elements of society perform for the whole system of society.

  • Example: The function of the police in the larger society

Example: The function of the police in the larger society

  • Feminist paradigms

Feminist paradigms -

  • examines how previous images of

examines how previous images of social reality have often come from and reinforced the social reality have often come from and reinforced the experiences of men. experiences of men.

  • Example: occupations traditionally dominated by men vs. those by

Example: occupations traditionally dominated by men vs. those by women, and how such occupations offer different wage rates. women, and how such occupations offer different wage rates.

What are the two logical systems? What are the two logical systems?

  • Deduction: Progress from general principles

Deduction: Progress from general principles and theories to specific cases. and theories to specific cases.

  • Induction : Proceed from particular cases to

Induction : Proceed from particular cases to general theories. general theories.

An example showing deductive An example showing deductive methods methods

Hours Studying Hours Studying Grades Grades Grades Hours Studying (a) Theory and Hypothesis (b) Observations (c) Accept or reject hypothesis

An example showing inductive An example showing inductive methods methods

Hours Studying Grades Grades Grades Hours Studying (a) Observations (b) Finding a pattern (c) Tentative conclusion Hours Studying

What are the steps of deductive What are the steps of deductive research (hypothesis testing)? research (hypothesis testing)?

  • Literature review of relevant theories and past findings

Literature review of relevant theories and past findings

  • Theory and hypothesis

Theory and hypothesis

  • Develop theoretical arguments for your study

Develop theoretical arguments for your study

  • Develop hypotheses based on your theoretical arguments

Develop hypotheses based on your theoretical arguments

  • Operationalization

Operationalization

  • Measurement of variables

Measurement of variables

  • Issues related: conceptualization, operationalization, measureme

Issues related: conceptualization, operationalization, measurement nt

  • Observation

Observation

  • Actual collection of data to test the hypotheses

Actual collection of data to test the hypotheses

  • Issues related: sampling, mode of observation

Issues related: sampling, mode of observation

  • Data analysis

Data analysis

  • Statistical methods

Statistical methods -

  • accept or reject the hypotheses

accept or reject the hypotheses

What are the steps of inductive What are the steps of inductive research (grounded theory)? research (grounded theory)?

  • Literature review of whatever has been done in

Literature review of whatever has been done in the topic area the topic area

  • Observation

Observation

  • Sample, data collection

Sample, data collection

  • Data analysis

Data analysis

  • The main purpose of data analysis here is to find

The main purpose of data analysis here is to find patterns in behavior/attitude patterns in behavior/attitude

  • Pattern finding and theory construction

Pattern finding and theory construction

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What is the wheel of science? What is the wheel of science?

  • The wheel of science refers to the interaction

The wheel of science refers to the interaction between induction and deduction. between induction and deduction.

Theories Hypotheses Observations Empirical Generalizations DEDUCTION INDUCTION

What are the ethical issues in social What are the ethical issues in social research? research?

  • Voluntary participation

Voluntary participation -

  • no one should be forced to

no one should be forced to participate. participate.

  • This norm can conflict with the scientific need for generalizabi

This norm can conflict with the scientific need for generalizability lity

  • No harm to participants

No harm to participants

  • Unless well

Unless well-

  • informed give consent. For example, some pioneering

informed give consent. For example, some pioneering medical treatments medical treatments

  • Anonymity and confidentiality

Anonymity and confidentiality

  • Anonymity: even researchers cannot identify subjects

Anonymity: even researchers cannot identify subjects

  • Confidentiality: researchers promise to keep information about t

Confidentiality: researchers promise to keep information about the he subjects private by, probably, destroying the records containing subjects private by, probably, destroying the records containing such such information. information.

  • Deception of the subjects

Deception of the subjects

  • Deception in research requires very strong justifications. Unles

Deception in research requires very strong justifications. Unless s absolutely necessary, deception should not be allowed absolutely necessary, deception should not be allowed

What are the ethical issues in social What are the ethical issues in social research (continued)? research (continued)?

  • Analysis and reporting

Analysis and reporting

  • Researchers have the obligation to be truthful in their

Researchers have the obligation to be truthful in their analysis and should report the results fully and accurately. analysis and should report the results fully and accurately.

  • Institutional Review Boards (IRB)

Institutional Review Boards (IRB)

  • Reviews all research proposals to guarantee subjects rights

Reviews all research proposals to guarantee subjects rights and interests are protected. and interests are protected.

  • Visit U. of U. IRB:

Visit U. of U. IRB: http://www.utah.edu/irb/ http://www.utah.edu/irb/

  • Professional codes of ethics

Professional codes of ethics

  • Professional associations in several disciplines publish

Professional associations in several disciplines publish codes of ethics to guide researchers. codes of ethics to guide researchers.

  • View American Psychological Association 2002 code of

View American Psychological Association 2002 code of conduct at conduct at http://www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html http://www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html

Additional things to do Additional things to do

  • Read two research articles: (1)

Read two research articles: (1) Diekmann Diekmann et al. et al. (1996) (1996) and (2) and (2) Salari Salari et al (2001). et al (2001). Please note again Please note again that you are not expected to understand everything in that you are not expected to understand everything in these two articles. However, please pay attention to these two articles. However, please pay attention to the issue of inductive vs. deductive research, the use the issue of inductive vs. deductive research, the use

  • f theories, and ethical issues.
  • f theories, and ethical issues.
  • Note all the articles in the packet mainly use

Note all the articles in the packet mainly use deductive methods. I am still looking for an article deductive methods. I am still looking for an article using inductive methods that is of reasonable length. using inductive methods that is of reasonable length. If you have a suggestion, please let me know. If you have a suggestion, please let me know.