Chapter Outline Chapter Outline � Some social science paradigms Some social science paradigms � Chapter 2- -3 3 Chapter 2 Macrotheory and microtheory Macrotheory and microtheory � � Early positivism Early positivism � � Conflict paradigm Conflict paradigm � � Paradigms, Theory, Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism Paradigms, Theory, � � � Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology � � Structural functionalism Structural functionalism � � � Feminist paradigms Feminist paradigms Research, and Ethnics of Research, and Ethnics of Two logical systems revisited Two logical systems revisited � � Deduction and deductive theory construction Deduction and deductive theory construction � � Induction and inductive theory construction Induction and inductive theory construction � � Social Research Social Research The link between theory and research – – the wheel of sciences the wheel of sciences � � The link between theory and research The importance of theory in the real world The importance of theory in the real world � � � Ethnical issues in social research Ethnical issues in social research � Voluntary participation Voluntary participation � � No harm to participants No harm to participants � � Anonymity and confidentiality Anonymity and confidentiality � � Deception Deception � � � Analysis and reporting Analysis and reporting � � Institutional Review Board (IRB) Institutional Review Board (IRB) � � � Professional code of ethnics Professional code of ethnics What is a paradigm? What are the functions of theory? What are the functions of theory? What is a paradigm? � Definition of Theory: A theory is a systematic Definition of Theory: A theory is a systematic � A paradigm is a fundamental model or scheme A paradigm is a fundamental model or scheme � � set of interrelated statements intended to set of interrelated statements intended to that organizes our view of something. that organizes our view of something. explain some aspect of social life. explain some aspect of social life. � Social sciences use a variety of paradigms to Social sciences use a variety of paradigms to � � Functions of theory: Functions of theory: organize how they understand and inquire into organize how they understand and inquire into � social life. social life. � Prevents "flukes”. Prevents "flukes”. � � Make sense of observed patterns in ways that Make sense of observed patterns in ways that � suggest other possibilities. suggest other possibilities. � Shapes and directs research efforts. Shapes and directs research efforts. � What is the difference between What is the difference between What are the major social science What are the major social science macrotheory and microtheory? macrotheory and microtheory? paradigms? paradigms? � Positivism Positivism - - assumes we can scientifically discover the rules assumes we can scientifically discover the rules � Macrotheory: Theories that focuses on society Macrotheory: Theories that focuses on society � � governing social life. governing social life. at large or at least on large portions of it. at large or at least on large portions of it. � Auguste Comte: societies can be studied and understood logically Auguste Comte: societies can be studied and understood logically and and � rationally. rationally. � Examples: government fiscal policy, international Examples: government fiscal policy, international � � Conflict Conflict - - focuses on attempts of a person or group to focuses on attempts of a person or group to � trade trade dominate and avoid being dominated. dominate and avoid being dominated. � Microtheory: Theories that deals with society Microtheory: Theories that deals with society � Karl Marx: class struggle Karl Marx: class struggle � � � Symbolic Symbolic interactionism interactionism - - examines development of shared examines development of shared � at the level of individuals and small groups at the level of individuals and small groups meanings and social patterns in the course of social meanings and social patterns in the course of social interactions. interactions. � Examples: marriage and divorce behavior, Examples: marriage and divorce behavior, � � George Herbert Mead: most interactions revolve around the proces George Herbert Mead: most interactions revolve around the process of s of � consumer decision- consumer decision -making making individuals reaching a common understanding through language and individuals reaching a common understanding through language and other symbolic systems. other symbolic systems. 1
What are the major social science What are the major social science What are the two logical systems? What are the two logical systems? paradigms (continued)? paradigms (continued)? � Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology - - focuses on how people make sense of focuses on how people make sense of � � Deduction: Progress from general principles Deduction: Progress from general principles � life while they are living it. life while they are living it. and theories to specific cases. and theories to specific cases. � One method commonly used is to break the rules to see how people One method commonly used is to break the rules to see how people � react to that, such as facing the rear of the elevator instead of facing the react to that, such as facing the rear of the elevator instead o f facing the � Induction : Proceed from particular cases to Induction : Proceed from particular cases to � front. front. � Structural functionalism Structural functionalism - - focuses on the functions the focuses on the functions the general theories. general theories. � elements of society perform for the whole system of society. elements of society perform for the whole system of society. � Example: The function of the police in the larger society Example: The function of the police in the larger society � � Feminist paradigms Feminist paradigms - - examines how previous images of examines how previous images of � social reality have often come from and reinforced the social reality have often come from and reinforced the experiences of men. experiences of men. � Example: occupations traditionally dominated by men vs. those by Example: occupations traditionally dominated by men vs. those by � women, and how such occupations offer different wage rates. women, and how such occupations offer different wage rates. An example showing deductive An example showing inductive An example showing deductive An example showing inductive methods methods methods methods Grades (b) Observations Grades (b) Finding a pattern (a) Theory and Grades (a) Observations Grades Hypothesis Hours Studying Hours Studying Hours Studying Hours Studying (c) Tentative conclusion (c) Accept or reject hypothesis Grades Grades Hours Studying Hours Studying What are the steps of deductive What are the steps of deductive What are the steps of inductive What are the steps of inductive research (hypothesis testing)? research (hypothesis testing)? research (grounded theory)? research (grounded theory)? � Literature review of relevant theories and past findings Literature review of relevant theories and past findings � � Literature review of whatever has been done in Literature review of whatever has been done in � � Theory and hypothesis Theory and hypothesis � the topic area the topic area � Develop theoretical arguments for your study Develop theoretical arguments for your study � � Develop hypotheses based on your theoretical arguments Develop hypotheses based on your theoretical arguments � Observation Observation � � � Operationalization Operationalization � � Sample, data collection Sample, data collection � � Measurement of variables Measurement of variables � � Issues related: conceptualization, operationalization, measureme Issues related: conceptualization, operationalization, measurement nt � � Data analysis Data analysis � � Observation Observation � � The main purpose of data analysis here is to find The main purpose of data analysis here is to find � � Actual collection of data to test the hypotheses Actual collection of data to test the hypotheses � patterns in behavior/attitude patterns in behavior/attitude � Issues related: sampling, mode of observation Issues related: sampling, mode of observation � Data analysis Data analysis � � � Pattern finding and theory construction Pattern finding and theory construction � � Statistical methods Statistical methods - - accept or reject the hypotheses accept or reject the hypotheses � 2
Recommend
More recommend
