Challenge to control the animal Challenge to control the animal diseases; the implications for diseases; the implications for the sustainable productivity the sustainable productivity the sustainable productivity the sustainable productivity of livestock of livestock of livestock of livestock Yosuke Murakami Yosuke Murakami Yosuke Murakami Yosuke Murakami National National Institute of Animal Health, Institute of Animal Health, N National N National Agriculture and Food Research i i l l A A Agriculture and Food Research i i l l d F d F d R d R h h Organization, Organization, Japan Japan
Presentation overview Presentation overview 1. History of animal disease control: 1. History of animal disease control: Eradication of rinderpest Eradication of rinderpest Eradication of rinderpest Eradication of rinderpest 2. Overview of animal diseases: 2. Overview of animal diseases: Epidemiological aspects Epidemiological aspects 3 Animal health risks associated 3 Animal health risks associated 3. Animal health risks associated 3. Animal health risks associated with “Livestock Revolution” with “Livestock Revolution” 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions
History of animal disease History of animal disease control: control: Eradication of rinderpest Eradication of rinderpest Eradication of rinderpest Eradication of rinderpest
Rinderpest Rinderpest p Highly contagious viral disease with a high degree of fatality( >70%) in cattle, buffalo, pig and many other wild ungulates wild ungulates Clinical Signs: Agents: Fever, Discharges(nose, eyes), , g ( , y ), Rinderpest virus transmitted by Rinderpest virus, transmitted by Diarrhea/dysentery, Ulcers direct or close indirect contacts and Death Ancestor of all morbilliviruses Rinderpest virus Affected cattle (Japanese Black)
Brief History of Rinderpest Eradication Brief History of Rinderpest Eradication Brief History of Rinderpest Eradication Brief History of Rinderpest Eradication � Described as early as 384 y 384- -322 B.C 322 B.C by Aristotle y th c.: Spread across the Afro-Eurasian continent � Until the 19 19 th � 1713 1713: Lanticisi’s recommendations for the disease control � 1762 1762: The first veterinary school in Europe � 1924 1924: Establishment of OIE � 1928/1962 1928/1962: Development of vaccines (Edwards & Plowright) � 19 1962 62- -:Rinderpest control programmes in Africa and p p g South Asia using vaccine (JP15, PARC, W/SAREC) � 1998 1998- -:Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP) p g ( ) by FAO, OIE and IAEA, aiming at complete eradication by 2010 e ad ca o by 2010 0 0 0 0
Brief History of Rinderpest Eradication in Japan Brief History of Rinderpest Eradication in Japan th c � The 17 17 th c : Described as a disease namely ‘ Tachi Tachi ‘ th c.: Many outbreaks in Japan � Until the 20 20 th � 1886 1886: The first legislation of animal disease prevention � 1891 1891: The first veterinary research laboratory in Japan � 1906 1906: Passive immunization for the disease prevention � 1918 1918: The world‘s first inactivated vaccine by Kakizaki � 1922 1922: The last case in Japan � 1930 1930: OIE accession of Japan � 1941 1941: Development of live vaccine by Nakamura. It contributed to eradicate the disease in East and Southeast Asia.
Overview of animal Overview of animal Overview of animal Overview of animal diseases: diseases: diseases: diseases: Epidemiological Epidemiological Epidemiological Epidemiological aspects aspects p
Transboundary animal diseases Transboundary animal diseases Transboundary animal diseases Transboundary animal diseases are defined by FAO as: those that are of significant economic, trade and/or food security importance for a considerable number of countries; which can easily spread to other countries and reach epidemic proportions; and where id i ti d h control/management, including exclusion, requires cooperation between several countries. requires cooperation between several countries Foot and Foot Foot Foot-and and-mouth disease, Classical swine fever, and mouth disease Classical swine fever mouth disease, Classical swine fever, mouth disease Classical swine fever Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Highly pathogenic Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Peste des petits ruminants, African avian influenza, Peste des petits ruminants, African avian influenza, Peste des petits ruminants, African avian influenza, Peste des petits ruminants, African swine fever, Newcastle disease, etc. swine fever, Newcastle disease, etc.
Foot Foot-and Foot Foot-and and-mouth disease and-mouth disease mouth disease (1) mouth disease (1) (1) (1) � Highly contagious livestock disease, caused by FMD virus � Seven immunologically distinct serotypes: A O C SAT1 3 Asia1 � Seven immunologically distinct serotypes: A, O, C, SAT1-3, Asia1 � Clinical signs; fever, salivation, vesicles (feet, oral cavity and nipple), significant loss of weight and/or milk production � R d � Reduction of productivity of livestock ti f d ti it f li t k � Difficult to control and a major international trade issue Figures are drawn based on the OIE’s information
Foot Foot-and and-mouth disease mouth disease (2) ( ) ( ) (2) � Extremely variable antigenicity, resulting sequential infection � Variable host species including wildlife p g � Transmitted by direct or indirect contact, animate & Inanimate vectors, and airborne � Source of infection: Incubating and clinically affected animals � Source of infection: Incubating and clinically affected animals, breath, saliva, feces, and urine, milk and semen, meat and by- products, and virus-carriers (cattle and water buffalo) Pig as an amplifier Pig as an amplifier Cattle as a detector Cattle as a detector Sheep/goat as carriers Sheep/goat as carriers p g p g Spread of emerging PanAsia topotype Spread of emerging PanAsia topotype Epidemiological roles of host animals Epidemiological roles of host animals 1990 1990- -2001 2001 , ( , ( The economist, 2001 The economist, 2001 ) )
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza g y g y g g � Agents:Family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Influenzavirus A. � Subtypes H1-H16 and N1-N9 in wild birds (e.g. water fowls) as a natural host a natural host � To date, all highly pathogenic isolates have been influenza A viruses of subtypes H5 and H7 � Outbreaks with subtype H5N1 in poultry (chicken, duck, goose, � O tb k ith bt H5N1 i lt ( hi k d k quail, etc.): Total 51 countries, 1.86 million outbreaks in the world from 2003 to July 2009 Outbreaks 2005- Jan, 2009, WAHID/OIE
Climate change & animal diseases Climate change & animal diseases Climate change & animal diseases Climate change & animal diseases � Vector-borne diseases critically dependent on environmental and climatic conditions (e.g. Bluetongue in Europe, Akabane Dis. in Asia) climatic conditions (e.g. Bluetongue in Europe, Akabane Dis. in Asia) � Need for strong and efficient veterinary services and global surveillance network for early detection of the hazards � Combination with public health services as zoonoses (e.g. WNV, JEV) p ( g , ) Culicoides , Culicoides , biting midges biting midges Akabane disease.; abortion, stillbirth premature birth or stillbirth, premature birth or congenital abnormalities in cattle (Bluetongue virus serotypes in EU, modified EU web. 2009)
Animal Health Risks Animal Health Risks associated with associated with “Livestock Revolution” “Livestock Revolution” “Livestock Revolution” “Livestock Revolution”
Global Meat & Egg production 1970 Global Meat & Egg production 1970 ‐ 20 20 06 06 120,000 100,000 80 000 80,000 60,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 （ year ） 2006 2000 2000 1990 0 1980 egg 1970 （1,000 t) ry Hen e Poultr k Pork Beef FAO database
Pork Production 1990 Pork Production 1990-2007 2007 （１，０００ ｔ） 120,000 100 000 100,000 Oceania 80,000 Latin America N.America Europe 60,000 Asia Africa 40,000 20,000 0 （ year ） 1990 2000 2007 (FAO database)
Poultry Meat Production 1970 Poultry Meat Production 1970- -2006 2006 （１，０００ ｔ） Oceania Oceania 80,000 Latin America 70,000 North. America 60,000 60 000 Europe 50,000 Asia 40,000 Africa Africa 30,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 0 cken rkey Duck oose cken rkey Duck oose cken rkey Duck oose Chic D Go Chic D Go Chic D Go Tu Tu Tu 1970 1990 2006 （ year ） (FAO database)
Meat Production in the Past and Future Meat Production in the Past and Future eat eat oduct o oduct o t e ast a d utu e t e ast a d utu e （ Million ton) （ Year ） （ Year ） Developing Developed (FAO, 2006)
Density Distribution Maps of Swine and Density Distribution Maps of Swine and Density Distribution Maps of Swine and Density Distribution Maps of Swine and Poultry in Asia estimated for 1998 Poultry in Asia estimated for 1998– –2000 2000 Poultry Density (Head/Km 2 ) Pig Density (Head/Km 2 ) Poultry Density (Head/Km ) Pig Density (Head/Km ) (Gerber, P. et al., Bioresour.Technol., 2005)
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