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Measuring Animal Welfare Nadja Wielebnowski, PhD Conservation and Research Manager Oregon Zoo Zoo Animal Welfare Science: An Emerging Field Animal Welfare Committee Promoting Excellence in Animal Care Established in 2001 Formal

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  1. Measuring Animal Welfare Nadja Wielebnowski, PhD Conservation and Research Manager Oregon Zoo

  2. Zoo Animal Welfare Science: An Emerging Field

  3. Animal Welfare Committee Promoting Excellence in Animal Care • Established in 2001 • Formal inclusion and recognition of animal welfare as a central tenet of AZA’s animal programs

  4. AZA AWC Welfare Definition Animal Welfare refers to an animal’s collective physical, mental, and emotional states over a period of time and is measured on a continuum from poor to excellent.

  5. Implicit Concepts • Emotional & cognitive experiences • “Cradle to Grave” • Tradeoffs • Measures of good welfare

  6. Resource Based Assessments: AZA Accreditation Enrichment + Enclosure Design + Nutrition + Research Programs + Veterinary Care + Husbandry Training + Population Management + Staff Training Maximize the Welfare Potential

  7. Beyond Great Care Great care is a prerequisite for good welfare. For animals to thrive we need to take into account psychological aspects of welfare such as mental, emotional, and social health.

  8. Animal Based Welfare Assessment • At individual animal level • Relative, not absolute • No single measure

  9. Types of Welfare Assessments -Behavior Time budgets, behavioral diversity, activity, species-appropriate behaviors -Physiology Hormone levels, stress response, reproduction, nutrition - Physical Appearance & Health Body condition, muscle tone, species-specific health parameters

  10. Behavior Lab – Oregon Zoo • Behavior Check sheets • Data Collection Apps • I-Pads • Camera/Video Recording • GPS/Accelerometers • VAST Volunteers!!!

  11. Behavioral Indicators Positive: Self maintenance, curiosity, play, high behavioral diversity Negative: Stereotypic behaviors , aggression, self-injury, low behavior diversity

  12. Endocrine Lab – Oregon Zoo Hormone Monitoring: Feces, Urine, Saliva, Serum

  13. Physiological Indicators Measuring Hormones: • Reproductive function • Adrenal function/stress response CH 3 C O H 3 C H 3 C O

  14. Reproductive Monitoring

  15. The Stress Response “Good” versus “Bad” “Distress” “Eustress” Gorilla 600 500 1800 Fecal Corticoids (ng/g) 1600 Feacl glucocorticoids (ng/g) 400 1400 1200 1000 300 800 600 400 200 200 0 100 Days of Study 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57

  16. Physical Indicators • Good body condition and weight • Fur, feather, skin condition • Reproductive success

  17. Combining Measures Elephant Welfare Project 2010-14 70 AZA Zoos 255 Elephants 26 researchers Goal: Provide objective baseline data and identify risk factors that may impact welfare

  18. Combining Measures Elephant Welfare Project 2010-14 • Body Condition & Health • Physiology • Behavior • Personality • Social Interactions • Space Use/Activity

  19. Family Matters! • Multigenerational, matriarchal herds • Males and females • Calves

  20. Social Complexity and Choices • Variable groupings • Time alone

  21. Exercise - Motivation Is Key <2 miles/day >15 miles/day

  22. Space • Complexity of space • Substrate • Interaction and Choices

  23. Foraging/Feeding • Diversity • Predictable/Unpredictable

  24. Ongoing Data Collection • Physiological data (fecal and serum samples) • GPS/accelerometer data • Behavior data (video tapes, cameras, observers) • Body condition and other health parameters New PhD Student, Sharon Glaeser

  25. THANKS!

  26. Borneo Forest Elephants .

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