Causes of Decline Pressure from the West and corruption, government - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Causes of Decline

Pressure from the West and corruption, government incompetence, and peasant unrest from within led to the decline of the Qing dynasty.

• Western powers wanted China to loosen

trade restrictions that limited trade to the port at Guangzhou.

• To compensate for Britain’s unfavorable trade

balance, the British began trading opium.

Causes of Decline (cont.)

Opium Imported Into China

• The Chinese retaliated with a blockade on

Guangzhou, sparking the Opium War.

• The British navy quickly defeated the

Chinese by sailing up the Chang Jiang to Nanjing.

Causes of Decline (cont.)

• In the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, the Chinese

agreed to: – Open five coastal ports – Limit taxes on British imports – Pay for the cost of the war – Give Hong Kong to Great Britain – Allow Westerners living in China the right

• f extraterritoriality

Causes of Decline (cont.)

• The Qing dynasty began to suffer from

corruption, peasant unrest, and

• incompetence. Population growth created a

food shortage and many people died of starvation.

• Hong Xiuquan led a peasant revolt called

the Tai Ping Rebellion (1850–1864).

Causes of Decline (cont.)

• The Qing dynasty was in decline and called

for reforms under a new policy called “self- strengthening.”

• The Chinese government wanted to adopt

Western technology but keep Confucian

• values. It modernized the military and built

up industries while keeping the culture.

Causes of Decline (cont.)

The Advance of Imperialism

Western nations and Japan set up spheres of influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights.

• Between 1886 and 1985, France, Russia,

and Great Britain seized land throughout East Asia.

• European states began creating spheres of

influence throughout China’s heartland by negotiating with warlords for exclusive trading rights and railroad and mining privileges.

The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)

Spheres of Influence in China, 1900

• The Chinese lost control of many territories:

– Russia forced China to give up territories in Siberia. – Tibet became independent from Chinese influence. – The Japanese gained the island of Taiwan. – Germany demanded territories in the Shandong Peninsula.

The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)

• The emperor Guang Xu called for One

Hundred Days of Reform. Guang Xu wanted to base the Chinese government, education system, and military on Western models.

• Many conservatives opposed the reforms,

including Empress Dowager Ci Xi, who became a dominant force at court.

• Ci Xi and the imperial army imprisoned the

emperor and exiled, prosecuted, or imprisoned supporters of the reforms.

The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)

• The reforms were met with limited support

because of the following weaknesses: – Damaged careers of many scholars – Neglected agriculture – Focused too heavily on the elite classes – Could not end foreign influence

The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)

Responses to Imperialism

The United States proposed an Open Door policy to guarantee it would have equal trading rights with European countries in China.

• In 1899 the U.S. secretary of state, John

Hay, wrote notes to Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Italy, and Japan asking each country to respect equal trading rights in China.

• There was no opposition to Hay’s

proposal, leading to establishment of the Open Door policy.

Responses to Imperialism (cont.)

• The Open Door policy reduced trade

restrictions and foreign influences.

• The policy also eased fears throughout the

Western nations that one country would obtain

• verwhelming influence throughout China.

Responses to Imperialism (cont.)

• A secret organization called the Society of

Harmonious Fists formed in opposition to foreign influence in China and initiated the Boxer Rebellion.

• The Boxers began killing foreigners,

including Western businessmen, and Christian missionaries and converts.

Responses to Imperialism (cont.)

• An allied army formed in retaliation and

crushed the rebellion and demanded more concessions from the Chinese government, including a heavy indemnity.

Responses to Imperialism (cont.)

The Fall of the Qing

Sun Yat-sen led a successful revolution to end the Qing dynasty, but he was unable to establish a stable government.

• After the Boxer Rebellion, Empress Dowager

Ci Xi implemented numerous reforms in an attempt to hold onto power, including the formation of legislative assemblies at the provincial level.

• Sun Yat-sen believed the Qing dynasty

could no longer govern China.

The Fall of the Qing (cont.)

• Sun Yat-sen formed the Revive China

Society and a three-stage reform process: – Military takeover – Transitional phase preparing people for democracy – Establishment of a constitutional democracy

The Fall of the Qing (cont.)

• After the death of the Empress, the infant

Henry Pu Yi became China’s last emperor.

• In 1911, the followers of Sun Yat-sen

revolted and the Qing dynasty collapsed.

The Fall of the Qing (cont.)

Fall of the Qing Empire

• The Nationalist party lacked political and

military power and was forced to allow General Yuan Shigai, a member of the old

• rder, to serve as president.
• Yuan did not have much support. The

reformers did not like his traditional, dictatorial manner of ruling and supporters of the Qing dynasty viewed him as a traitor.

The Fall of the Qing (cont.)

• Yuan dissolved the parliament, sparking a

rebellion led by the Nationalists. The Nationalists fled to Japan after the rebellion failed.

• After Yuan’s death, China experienced

several years of civil war.

The Fall of the Qing (cont.)

Cultural Changes

Western culture had a dramatic effect

• n many Chinese people, especially

those living in cities.

• Western culture in China was most evident

in the cities, where a national market for commodities such as oil, salt, copper, tea, and porcelain appeared.

• Westernization affected China in three ways:

Cultural Changes (cont.)

– Introduced modern means of transportation – Created an export market – Integrated the Chinese market into the world market

• Imperialism also had negative effects.

Cultural Changes (cont.)

– China depended on the West. – Many Chinese were exploited, and local industries were destroyed. – Profits went to foreign countries rather than to the Chinese economy.

• After World War I, foreign investment drawn
• ut of China, enabling Chinese

businesspeople to develop new ventures.

• Modern cities such as Shanghai, Wuhan,

Tianjin and Guangzhou became major industrial and commercial centers.

• In the rural areas, life remained largely
• unchanged. Traditional jobs and family roles

remained the same.

Cultural Changes (cont.)

• The cities experienced the most change,

with Western cultural influence at it strongest and Confucian social ideas on the decline.

• The culture began to truly change when

intellectuals introduced Western books, art, music, and ideas to China.

• Conservatives remained loyal to traditional

culture, clashing with radical reformers who wanted it eliminated.

Cultural Changes (cont.)

Japan Changes Direction During the Meiji Era: 1868 - 1912

• Commodore Matthew Perry

Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure

Under military pressure from the United States, Japan signed the Treaty

• f Kanagawa, which opened two ports

to Western trade.

• Ruling for 200 years, the Tokugawa

shogunate kept relations with outside countries at a minimum and carried on a policy of isolationism.

• Western nations wanted Japan to open their

ports to trade.

• U.S. President Millard Fillmore sent

Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan.

Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)

• Concessions were made by shogunate
• fficials, and they signed the Treaty of

Kanagawa with the United States.

• The Treaty approved:

Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)

– The return of shipwrecked American sailors – The opening of two ports to Western traders – The establishment of a U.S. diplomat in Japan

• Other European nations forced Japan to sign

similar treaties.

Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)

• A group of samurai warriors called the

Sat-Cho opposed opening foreign relations with the West and forced the shogun to promise to end foreign relations.

• The Sat-Cho attacked the shogun’s palace

at Kyōto, resulting in the collapse of the shogunate system and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.

The Meiji Restoration

The Meiji government attempted to modernize Japan’s political, economic, and social structures.

• The young emperor, Mutsuhito, called his

reign the Meiji, meaning “Enlightened Rule.”

The Meiji Restoration (cont.)

• The Sat-Cho held the real power and moved

the capital from Kyōto to Edo.

• The new leaders stripped the daimyo of their

land and created prefectures.

• Ito Hirobumi led a commission that traveled

to many Western countries to study their governments.

• The result was a political system modeled

after Imperial Germany. It was democratic in form, but authoritarian in practice.

The Meiji Restoration (cont.)

• What Did the U. S. Want??

 More trading

partners.

 A haven for

ship-wrecked sailors.

• Japan Learns a Lesson!
• In 1862, just before the start of the

Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation

• there. A Japanese recorded in his diary

from Shanghai…

• The Chinese have become servants to the
• foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to

China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France.

• Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?
• Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened

• European

Goods

 Europe began to

“loom large” in the thinking of many Japanese.

 New slogan:

Japanese Spirit; Western Technology!

• The Japanese Became Obsessed

with Western Styles

• Civilization and Enlightenment!

• Everything Western Was

Fashionable!

• The Rulers Set the Tone

with Western Dress

• Emperor Meiji Empress Haruko

(1868- 1912)

• Meiji

Reforms

• Abolition
• f the

feudal system

• Land

Redistribution

• Human Rights

& Religious Freedom

• Build a

Modern Navy (British)

• Westernize

the School System (Fr. & Ger.)

• Modernize

the Army (Prussian)

• Emperor

Worship Intensified

• Written

Constitution (Germans)

• Modern

Banking System

Joining the Imperialists

By the early 1900s, Japan strengthened its military and started building an empire.

• The Japanese needed raw materials and

wanted to expand by obtaining colonies, as the Europeans had done.

• Japan claimed control of the Ryukyu Islands,

which belonged to the Chinese Empire.

• The Japanese next forced the Koreans to
• pen their ports to Japanese trade.

Joining the Imperialists (cont.)

• China and Japan went to war over influence

in Korea. Japan won, resulting in Korea’s independence.

• China also ceded Taiwan and the Liaodong

Peninsula to Japan.

• Japan led a successful surprise attack on

the Russian naval base at Port Arthur.

• The Japanese navy defeated the

Russian fleet.

Joining the Imperialists (cont.)

• Japan Annexes Korea

• The Russo-Japanese War:

1904-1905

• The Battle of Tsushima:

The results startled the world!

• The Russo-Japanese War made Japan one
• f the world’s great military powers.
• The United States recognized Japan’s role in

Korean affairs, and, in return, the Japanese recognized the U.S. role in the Philippines.

• Some Americans began to fear the rise of

Japanese power. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt stopped Japanese immigration into the United States.

Joining the Imperialists (cont.)

Culture in an Era of Transition

The culture of Western nations greatly influenced Japanese traditional culture.

• From literature to architecture, the Japanese

modeled Western styles and techniques.

• Western technology strongly influenced

traditional Japanese culture:

Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)

– Japanese authors began translating Western novels. – Writers began to imitate Western styles, such as Realism.

– The Japanese invited technicians, engineers, architects, and artists from Europe and the United States to teach modern skills in Japan.

• The Japanese also influenced other cultures.

Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)

– Japanese arts and crafts, including porcelains, textiles, fans, folding screens, and woodblock prints, became popular throughout Europe.

– Japanese gardens became popular in the United States.

Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)

• By the end of the nineteenth century, many

Japanese began a return to Japanese traditions.

• Japanese Power Would Grow . . .

IMPERIALISM in China

• The Qing dynasty began to decline due to

pressure from the West and internal corruption.

• Western nations and Japan created spheres of

influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights.

• In order to secure its own trading rights, the

United States proposed an Open Door trading policy.

REVOLUTION AND TRANSITION in China

• After China failed to reform, Sun Yat-sen led a

rebellion that ended the Qing dynasty.

• Lacking military and

political strength, Sun was unable to establish a stable government.

• European traders brought

new ideas to China that changed the lives of many Chinese.

TRADE AND IMPERIALISM of Japan

• After signing the Treaty of Kanagawa, Japan
• pened two ports for Western trade.
• The Meiji government tried to modernize its

political, economic, and social structure.

• Japan built up its military and began expanding

its territory.

• Western ideas and

technology influenced Japanese culture.