CARBON CAPTURE IN A NATURAL GAS COMBINED CYCLE (NGCC) 4.1 Overview - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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CARBON CAPTURE IN A NATURAL GAS COMBINED CYCLE (NGCC) 4.1 Overview - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jan 28, 2024 105 likes •579 views

CARBON CAPTURE IN A NATURAL GAS COMBINED CYCLE (NGCC) 4.1 Overview Maria Elena Diego m.diegodepaz@sheffield.ac.uk Before starting Some thoughts from yesterday s discussion: Implementation of CCS requires investments, but Many

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CARBON CAPTURE IN A NATURAL GAS COMBINED CYCLE (NGCC) 4.1 Overview

Maria Elena Diego

m.diegodepaz@sheffield.ac.uk

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Before starting…

Some thoughts from yesterday’s discussion: ✓ Implementation of CCS requires investments, but… ✓ Many scenarios show that the cost of cutting emissions without CCS would be substantially higher ✓ Strong policy drivers and regulatory framework development are much needed to create a favorable CCS market and facilitate its deployment

  • Example: Sleipner project
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Before starting…

EXAMPLE: Sleipner project – North Sea ✓ Started in 1996 ✓ CO2 is removed from natural gas (~9.5% CO2) and inject it in an

  • ffshore deep saline formation at ~

900 m depth ✓ Injection rate ~ 1Mt CO2/yr

The 1991 Norwegian CO2 tax was a driver for this project (offshore oil and gas activities) ✓ This tax was avoided by implementing CCS (NOK 1 million/day)*

*https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/sleipner.html

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Outline

  • 1. Gas-based power generation context
  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC
  • 3. NGCCs and CO2 capture experience
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  • 1. Gas-based power generation context

✓ Increased capacity and share in the global energy mix (electricity generation)

*IEA. World Energy Outlook 2017; BP Energy Outlook, 2017.

The use of natural gas as a fuel is expected to substantially contribute to the supply of the increasing electricity demand worldwide in the next few decades, accounting for 16 to 24%

  • f the total share by 2040*
  • IEA. World Energy Outlook 2017
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  • IEA. World Energy Outlook 2017.
  • 1. Gas-based power generation context
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✓ CO2 emissions of NGCC systems are lower than other fossil fuel-based power generation options, e.g., coal: 350-400 kg CO2/MWh NGCC 750-900 kg CO2/MWh Coal-fired power plant

ZEP, 2017. Future CCS technologies

  • 1. Gas-based power generation context

Natural gas can be used to replace more intensive fuels, but further CO2 emissions reductions are needed

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  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC

✓ Coupling NGCC plants with post-combustion CCS systems is challenging (large excess air):

  • Large volumes of flue gas
  • Low CO2 concentration (~3-4%vol.)
  • High O2 content in the flue gas (~12-13%vol.)

✓ Energy requirements of post-combustion solvent scrubbing systems reduce with increasing CO2 concentrations in the flue gas

  • Higher CO2 levels increase the driving force in the

absorption column

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Li H, Ditaranto M, Berstad D. Technologies for increasing CO2 concentration in exhaust gas from natural gas-fired power production with post-combustion, amine-based CO2 capture. Energy 2011; 36: 1124-33 Zhang Y, Ji X, Lu X. Energy consumption analysis for CO2 separation from gas mixtures. Appl Energy 2014; 130: 237-43 ZEP, 2017. Future CCS technologies.

  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC
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✓ New alternatives are being investigated:

  • Supplementary firing
  • Humidified gas turbine cycles
  • Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
  • Selective exhaust gas recirculation (S-EGR)

✓ These options aim at increasing the CO2 content:

  • Increased driving force
  • Oxidative degradation (O2 content)
  • Reduced costs
  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC
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✓ Post-combustion

  • Several reports and studies – DoE/NETL, IEA, …
  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC
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✓ Important considerations

  • Current level of knowledge & experience - less than coal
  • Boundary conditions (configuration, engine, fuel price, etc)
  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC

✓ These reports assess the NGCC system in terms of:

  • Performance
  • Costs (for comparative purposes)
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✓ Important considerations

  • Current level of knowledge & experience - less than coal
  • Boundary conditions (configuration, engine, fuel price, etc)
  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC

✓ These reports assess the NGCC system in terms of:

  • Performance
  • Costs (for comparative purposes)

Amine-based solvents

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  • 2. Integration of NGCC with PCC
  • Capacity factor = 0.85
  • 90% CO2 capture efficiency
  • Advanced solvent (2.96 GJ/t CO2)
  • 2x2x1 configuration
  • HRSG - 3 pressure levels with

reheat (175/28/4 bar, 567ºC)

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DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

HRSG ST GT

650 MW (gross) 634 MW (net) 420 MW 230 MW Efficiency 57.4% (LHV)

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DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

HRSG ST GT ACP CO2 COMPRESSION

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DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

HRSG ST GT ACP CO2 COMPRESSION

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DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

HRSG ST GT ACP CO2 COMPRESSION

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67 kg/s 3.4 bar, 292ºC

DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

ACP

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DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE WITH CO2 CAPTURE

Efficiency 57.4% (LHV) Efficiency 50.1% (LHV)

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  • 2. Integration of NGCC with CCS

354 kg CO2/MWh-net 41 kg CO2/MWh-net

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  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC

DOE/NETL (2011). Quality Guidelines for Energy System Studies: Cost Estimation Methodology for NETL Assessments of Power Plant Performance.

  • Different costing methodologies
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  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC

WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE - CAPEX

DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

2011 US dollars

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  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC

WITH CO2 CAPTURE - CAPEX

DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

2011 US dollars

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  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC

✓ FOM = $25.0/kW-net ✓ VOM = $0.00174/kWh-net ✓ Fuel costs = $0.04/kW-net

WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE - OPEX WITH CO2 CAPTURE - OPEX

2011 US dollars

DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

✓ FOM = $46.5/kW-net ✓ VOM = $0.00315/kWh-net ✓ Fuel costs = $0.05/kW-net

Comparative purposes Natural gas price: $5.81/GJ $6.13/MMBtu

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  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC

WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE - OPEX WITH CO2 CAPTURE - OPEX

2011 US dollars

DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

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  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC

DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

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DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

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DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

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DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

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  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with PCC

Considerations: ✓ Comparative purposes ✓ High-level cost analysis (variations of ±30%) ✓ CO2 compression, transport and storage costs are included ✓ Contribution from EOR is not considered in this study ✓ Process contingencies for the CO2 capture stage (20% BEC) Cost reduction of CO2 capture options: ✓ R&D, process optimization ✓ Demonstration at larger scales of operation (pilot and demo plants)

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  • 2. Integration of NGCCs with CCS

DOE/NETL (2012). Technology learning curve (FOAK to NOAK).

LEARNING CURVE

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  • 3. NGCCs and CO2 capture experience

✓ Less experience has been gained in gas CCS compared to coal CCS options ✓ Specific challenges:

  • Larger flue gas flowrates with lower CO2 concentration

(absorber design)

  • Higher O2 content in the flue gas (oxidative degradation of

the solvent)

  • Environmental impacts
  • Higher temperatures of operation (NOx)
  • Flexible operation

DOE/NETL. Carbon Capture opportunities for natural gas fired power systems..

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  • 3. NGCCs and CO2 capture experience

✓ Bellingham (Massachusetts) - Technical feasibility of CO2 capture in NGCCs

  • Fluor Econamine FG+
  • Slipstream - 40 MW from NGCC
  • CO2 concentration = 3.5%vol.
  • O2 concentration = 13-14%vol.
  • Operation from 1994 to 2005

Source: Fluor

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  • 3. NGCCs and CO2 capture experience

✓ There are only a limited number of pilot plants that treat flue gases directly derived from gas combustion processes:

  • Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM) - Norway

➢ Capacity of 20 kt CO2/yr from a natural gas-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plant ➢ 3.5%vol. CO2 ➢ 30%wt. & 40%wt. MEA

de Cazenove, T., R. H. B. Bouma, E. L. V. Goetheer, P. J. van Os and E. S. Hamborg (2016). "Aerosol Measurement Technique: Demonstration at CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad." Energy Procedia 86: 160-170

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  • 3. NGCCs and CO2 capture experience

✓ There are only a limited number of pilot plants that treat flue gases directly derived from gas combustion processes:

  • Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM)
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  • 3. NGCCs and CO2 capture experience

✓ There are only a limited number of pilot plants that treat flue gases directly derived from gas combustion processes:

  • Sulzer CCS pilot plant - Switzerland

➢ Capacity of up to 150 kg/h of flue gas from a commercial gas fired burner ➢ 3.8%vol. CO2

Notz, R., H. P. Mangalapally and H. Hasse (2012). "Post combustion CO2 capture by reactive absorption: Pilot plant description and results of systematic studies with MEA." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 6: 84-112

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  • 3. NGCCs and CO2 capture experience

✓ There are only a limited number of pilot plants that treat flue gases directly derived from gas combustion processes:

  • Sulzer CCS pilot plant - Switzerland

➢ Capacity of up to 150 kg/h of flue gas from a commercial gas fired burner ➢ 3.8%vol. CO2

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  • 3. NGCCs and CO2 capture experience

✓ There are only a limited number of pilot plants that treat flue gases directly derived from gas combustion processes:

  • SINTEF pilot plant – Tiller, Norway

➢ Capacity of 50 kg/h of CO2 from a 380 kW propane burner ➢ 9%vol. CO2 – it can be diluted with fresh air to represent gas turbine flue gas conditions

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  • 3. NGCCs and CO2 capture experience

✓ There are only a limited number of pilot plants that treat flue gases directly derived from gas combustion processes:

  • Pilot-scale Advanced CO2 Capture Technologies

(PACT), UKCCSRC – Sheffield, UK

➢ Capacity of 1 t/d CO2 capture plant ➢ Flue gas from a 330 kWth micro gas turbine (1.5 to 6.3%vol. CO2 after CO2 injection) ➢ Custom made gas from a mixing facility ➢ MEA

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PACT Edinburgh

Advanced Capture Technology Transportable Remotely-Operated Mini-Lab (ACTTROM)

PACT Office

  • Admin & business centre of UKCCSRC PACT
  • Business and stakeholder engagement
  • Office for users accessing facility
  • Computer modelling facilities
  • CPD & training

PACT Core

  • 1 tCO2/day solvent-based capture plant
  • 250kW air-fired coal/biomass rig
  • 250kW oxyfuel coal/biomass rig
  • 330kW gas CHP turbines
  • Gas mixing facility (synthetic flue/process gas)
  • Online monitoring
  • Extensive analytical and lab facilities

UKCCSRC PACT

  • 4 facility sites
  • PACT office
  • www.pact.ac.uk

PACT Cranfield

  • 150kW PF air/oxy rig
  • CO2 transport flow rig
  • 50kW chemical looping facility
  • 750kW gas turbine burner with deposition probes
  • 300kW circulating fluidised bed combustor/gasifier

PACT Nottingham

  • Analytical facility in CCS and unconventional gas
  • GC-MS, LC-MS & IC for capture solvent analysis
  • Thermal analysis: DSC, TGA, TG-MS, HP TGA
  • Solid state NMR
  • Optical microscopy
  • Modular 800C, 100bar flow reactor
  • Milling equipment with powders physical analysis
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  • 3. NGCCs and CO2 capture experience

✓ There are only a limited number of pilot plants that treat flue gases directly derived from gas combustion processes:

  • Pilot-scale Advanced CO2 Capture Technologies

(PACT), UKCCSRC – Sheffield, UK

➢ Capacity of 1 t/d CO2 capture plant ➢ Flue gas from a 330 kWth micro gas turbine (1.5 to 6.3%vol. CO2 after CO2 injection) ➢ Custom made gas from a mixing facility ➢ MEA

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CARBON CAPTURE IN A NATURAL GAS COMBINED CYCLE (NGCC) 4.1 Overview

Maria Elena Diego

m.diegodepaz@sheffield.ac.uk

Thank you for your attention

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DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants

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DOE/NETL (2013). Current and Future Technologies for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plants