Cancer A Global View Claudia Neuhauser University of Minnesota - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Cancer

A Global View Claudia Neuhauser University of Minnesota Rochester

Learning Objectives

• After completion of this module, the

student will be able to

– explore “social, economic and environmental development at local, national and global levels” with Gapminder – perform and interpret logarithmic transformations for graphical display – download global health data from Gapminder and WHO

Knowledge, Skills, Prerequisites

• Knowledge and Skills

– logarithmic transformation – continuous time population models – fitting a trendline to data

• Prerequisites

– calculating percent changes – straight lines – natural logarithm, exponential function – graphing in EXCEL

Key Facts (WHO)

• Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide: it

accounted for 7.4 million deaths (around 13% of all deaths) in 2004.

• Lung, stomach, colorectal, liver, and breast cancer

cause the most cancer deaths each year.

• The most frequent types of cancer differ between

men and women.

• More than 30% of cancer deaths can be

prevented.

• Tobacco use is the single most important risk

factor for cancer.

Source: World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/

LEARNI NG OBJECTI VE 1

explore “social, economic and environmental development at local, national and global levels” with Gapminder

Gapminder

• Gapminder “is a non-profit venture promoting

sustainable global development and achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals by increased use and understanding of statistics and other information about social, economic and environmental development at local, national and global levels.”

• I n-class Activity 1
• Watch the following video in Gapminder:

Exploring Gapminder

• In-class Activity 2 (see handout)

LEARNI NG OBJECTI VE 2

perform and interpret logarithmic transformations for graphical display

Logarithmic Transformations

• log-log plot

Seeds planted per sqm Avg # of seeds per reproducing individual 1 11660 5 2700 45 228 100 128 205 64

Logarithmic Transformations

• log-linear, or semi-log, plot

Year NumberOfMonkParake etsPerPartyHour(effort)

76 0.03 77 0.031 78 0.035 79 0.027 80 0.041 81 0.048 82 0.026 83 0.048 84 0.064 85 0.083 86 0.177 87 0.121 88 0.234 89 0.2 90 0.393 91 0.414 92 0.436 93 0.387 94 0.387 95 0.501

In-class Activity 4a

• Go to your spreadsheet (Tab 1: Plantain)

and reproduce the first graph using the Plantain data in the spreadsheet.

• Go to your spreadsheet (Tab 2: Parakeet)

and reproduce the second graph using the Parakeet data in the spreadsheet.

The Logarithmic Scale

• In-class Activity 3

– On the two axes above find the following numbers: x= 0.05, 0.2, 8, 15, 750. – Why do you think we choose logarithms to base 10, instead of some other base? – Can you plot negative numbers on a logarithmic scale? – As x approaches 0, where would you find x on a logarithmic scale?

x 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 Log x 3 2 1

• 1
• 2

The Logarithmic Scale

• In-class Activity 3

– On the two axes above find the following numbers: x= 0.05, 0.2, 8, 15, 750.

• Log 0.05= -1.30
• Log 0.2= -0.699
• Log 8= 0.903
• Log 15= 1.176
• Log 750= 2.875

x 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 Log x 3 2 1

• 1
• 2

The Logarithmic Scale

• In-class Activity 3

– On the two axes above find the following numbers: x= 0.05, 0.2, 8, 15, 750. – Why do you think we choose logarithms to base 10, instead of some other base? – Can you plot negative numbers on a logarithmic scale? – As x approaches 0, where would you find x on a logarithmic scale?

x 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 Log x 3 2 1

• 1
• 2

In-class Activity 4b

• Fit an appropriate function to the

Plantain data in the spreadsheet.

• Fit an appropriate function to the

Parakeet data in the spreadsheet.

Logarithmic Transformations

• log-log plot
• Go to your spreadsheet and fit a trendline

Seeds planted per sqm Avg # of seeds per reproducing individual 1 11660 5 2700 45 228 100 128 205 64

Case 1: Both axes are logarithmically transformed

If both axes are logarithmically transformed and a straight line results, then the relationship between x and y is a power function:

a

bx y 

Logarithmic Transformations

• log-linear, or semi-log, plot
• Go to your spreadsheet and fit a

trendline

Year NumberOfMonkParake etsPerPartyHour(effort)

76 0.03 77 0.031 78 0.035 79 0.027 80 0.041 81 0.048 82 0.026 83 0.048 84 0.064 85 0.083 86 0.177 87 0.121 88 0.234 89 0.2 90 0.393 91 0.414 92 0.436 93 0.387 94 0.387 95 0.501

Case 2: The x-axis is on an arithmetic scale and the y-axis is logarithmically transformed If the x-axis is on an arithmetic scale and the y-axis is logarithmically transformed and a straight line results, then the relationship between x and y is an exponential function:

x

ca y 

LEARNI NG OBJECTI VE 3

download global health data from Gapminder and WHOSIS

Downloading Data from Gapminder

World Health Organization

• “The Global Health Observatory (GHO) is

WHO's portal providing access to data and analyses for monitoring the global health

• situation. It provides critical data and analyses

for key health themes, as well as direct access to the full database. The GHO presents data from all WHO programmes and provides links to supporting information.”

• http://www.who.int/whosis/en/
• http://apps.who.int/ghodata/

Downloading Data from WHO

EXPLORE THE WHO WEBSI TE

Group Project—Summative Assessment

• Does the price of tobacco products affect lung cancer

rates?

• Go to MashupCigarettesGDPCancer.xls
• The mashup of data from the CDC, World Health

Organization (WHO), and Gapminder provides data for select countries on the following three indicators:

– price of 100 packs of cigarettes as a percentage of GDP per capita, – the per capita GDP for select years, – lung cancer rates in men and women for a single year.

• Use the data to investigate the relationship between the

three indicators.