Cadeias trficas e pescas - - Tpicos Tpicos Cadeias trficas e - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Cadeias trficas e pescas - - Tpicos Tpicos Cadeias trficas e - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 07, 2023 237 likes •578 views

Cadeias trficas e pescas - - Tpicos Tpicos Cadeias trficas e pescas Dimenses e requisitos alimentares Dimenses e requisitos alimentares Transferncia de energia Transferncia de energia Mtodos de pesca

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SLIDE 1

Cadeias tróficas e pescas Cadeias tróficas e pescas -

  • Tópicos

Tópicos

  • Dimensões e requisitos alimentares

Dimensões e requisitos alimentares

  • Transferência de energia

Transferência de energia

  • Métodos de pesca

Métodos de pesca

  • Capturas

Capturas

  • Avaliação de stocks

Avaliação de stocks

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SLIDE 2

Relação entre o Relação entre o comprimento comprimento e o número de e o número de Reynolds Reynolds

10 comprimentos s-1 1 comprimento s-1

Re = 1.4 X 106 d 1.86 Log número de Reynolds (Re) Log comprimento Comprimento

Mamíferos Peixes Anfípodes Zooplâncton Protozoários Fitoplâncton Bactérias Homem

  • 6
  • 4
  • 2

2 4 6 8

  • 6
  • 4
  • 2

2 1 µm 100 µm 1 m 1 cm 100 m Re = 1.4 X 106 d 1.86 ud/v = 1.4 X 106 d 1.86 u/v = 1.4 X 106 d 0.86 v = 10-6 m2 s-1 u (ms-1) = 1.4 d 0.86

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SLIDE 3

Relação entre a ração e o peso individual Relação entre a ração e o peso individual em diversas espécies de copépode em diversas espécies de copépode

1 10 102 103 102 103 10 Peso seco (µg organismo-1) Ração diária (% peso a 20oC) Ikeda, T., 1977. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 29, 263-277

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SLIDE 4

Relação entre o comprimento do predador Relação entre o comprimento do predador e presa (> 100 e presa (> 100 espécies espécies marinh marinha as) s)

Longhurst, 1991. Limnol. & Oceanog. 36, 8, 1507-1526 Protista Cetacea Limite de confiança (90%) y=0.626x - 2.13 r2 = 0.551 6 4 2

  • 2
  • 4
  • 6
  • 8
  • 10

ln comprimento da presa (mm) ln comprimento do predador (mm)

  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2

2 4 6 8 10

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SLIDE 5

Relação entre a razão predador:presa e o Relação entre a razão predador:presa e o comprimento do predador comprimento do predador

Razão presa/predador 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 Protista Cetacea

  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2

2 4 6 8 10 ln comprimento do predador (mm) Longhurst, 1991. Limnol. & Oceanog. 36, 8, 1507-1526

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SLIDE 6

Distribuição de requisitos Distribuição de requisitos alimentares em alimentares em Euphasia pacifica Euphasia pacifica

Parâmetro Laboratório (1) Laboratório (2) Campo Peso seco (mg) 1.19 1.65 0.23 Crescimento(Fw/Iw) 3.95 1.16 39.2 Tempo (dias) 69 63 580 % Alimento Assimilação 86 78

  • Crescimento

30 6.2 9.4 Mudas 8.0 7.0 15.3 Ovos 8.9 Metabolismo 62 86.8 66.4

Lasker, 1966. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 23, 1291-1317

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SLIDE 7

Produção de diferentes Produção de diferentes níveis tróficos no Mar Negro níveis tróficos no Mar Negro

Nível trófico Alimento Taxa de Diferença Produção consumido mortalidade no stock (gC m-2 dia-1)

  • Prod. 1arios

478.5 12593.8 5397.2 18469.5 Herbivoros 361.2 4.0

  • 6.3

515 Omnivoros 67.0 1.2 20.0 170.4 Carnivoros (1os) 53.5 1.3 27.4 82.2 Carnivoros (2-3os) 33.0 2.8

  • 1.1

34.7

Petipa et al., 1970. In Marine Food Chains, Ed. J.H. Steele, 142-167

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SLIDE 8

Produção de peixes em ecossistemas Produção de peixes em ecossistemas marinhos marinhos

Ecossistema Produtividade Níveis Eficiência Produção primária tróficos (%) de peixes (gC m-2 ano-1) (mgC m-2 ano-1) Oceânico 50 5 10 0.5 Plataforma 100 3 15 340 Afloramento 300 1.5 20 36000

Ryther, 1969. Science, 176, 72-76

E = Energyout Energyin P = BEn

  • P = Productividade do topo da cadeia
  • B = Produtividade da base da cadeia
  • E = Eficiência ecológica
  • n = Número de elos da cadeia trófica
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SLIDE 9

Transferência Transferência de biomassa de biomassa em cadeias em cadeias tróficas tróficas marinhas marinhas

Carnívoros do topo da cadeia Biomassa 0.03 Produção 0.02-0.03 Zona epipelágica Biomassa 7.0-14.0

Massa continental

Produção 0.5

Predadores

Biomassa 0.5 Produção 0.5-1.3

Peixes mesopelágicos

Produção 3.5-7.0

Bênticos

Biomassa 5.0

Peixes batipelágicos Peixes bênticos

Produção 0.002 Biomassa 0.02 Produção 0.1 Biomassa 1.0-2.0 Zona mesopelágica Zona batipelágica Zona bêntica Produção 0.9-1.8 Biomassa 1.75-3.5

Biomassa em kcal m-2, produção em kcal m-2 ano-1

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SLIDE 10

The three main The three main ecological variables ecological variables plotted on a 3 plotted on a 3-

  • D grid

D grid

Steele (1988) Steele (1988) -

  • Scale selection for biodynamic theories. p.513

Scale selection for biodynamic theories. p.513-

  • 526 In B.J. Rothschild (Ed.)

526 In B.J. Rothschild (Ed.) Towards a theory on biological Towards a theory on biological-

  • physical interactions in the world ocean (Kluwer)

physical interactions in the world ocean (Kluwer)

Physical scales

Length/time Organism Prey Predator Population Patch Stock

Spatial hierarchy Trophic hierarchy

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SLIDE 11

Fishing techniques Fishing techniques Pelagic trawl Pelagic trawl

http://www.sauvonslesdauphins.com/image/chalut.jpg

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SLIDE 12

Fishing techniques Fishing techniques Purse seine Purse seine

http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/fish/images/fish0704.jpg

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SLIDE 13

Fishing techniques Fishing techniques Purse seine Purse seine

http://www.europacifictuna.com/purseillustccc.jpg

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SLIDE 14

Fishing techniques Fishing techniques Bycatch Bycatch – – Dolphins in purse seine net Dolphins in purse seine net

http://www.earthtrust.org/gif/dolphins_in_purse_seine.jpeg

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SLIDE 15

Fishing techniques Fishing techniques Bottom trawl Bottom trawl

http://www.trawl.org/trawl.gif

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SLIDE 16

Fishing Fishing techniques techniques Bottom trawl Bottom trawl

http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/

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SLIDE 17

Fishing techniques Fishing techniques Bottom trawl Bottom trawl

http://www.dvz.be/images/Photo's/Otter-trawl.jpg

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SLIDE 18

Fishing techniques Fishing techniques Bottom trawl for cod Bottom trawl for cod

Aleutian cod trawl

http://www.net-sys.com/act.htm

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SLIDE 19

Fishing techniques Fishing techniques Hard bottom trawl Hard bottom trawl (for Pollock, Whiting etc) (for Pollock, Whiting etc)

Hard bottom trawl

http://www.net-sys.com/act.htm

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SLIDE 20

Fishing Fishing techniques techniques Bottom trawl Bottom trawl

http://www.oseanologi.lipi.go.id/trawl.jpg

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SLIDE 21

The State of world fisheries and The State of world fisheries and aquaculture (SOFIA) aquaculture (SOFIA)-

  • 2000

2000

106 ton y-1

Aquaculture Fisheries

FAO, 2001. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Aquaculture data prior to1984 are estimates.

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SLIDE 22

Distribution of production among major Distribution of production among major fish species fish species

Production (106 ton y-1)

1.1 0.6 1.3 1.3 8.9 1.6 2.2 4.4 1.3 2.3 4.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 1.9 2 2.1 2.4 4

2 4 6 8 10 Yellowfin tuna Blue whiting Atlantic cod Largehead hairtail Anchoveta Skipjack tuna Chub mackerel Chilean jack mackerel Japanese anchovy Atlantic herring Alaska pollock

FAO, 2001. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

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SLIDE 23

World capture fisheries and aquaculture World capture fisheries and aquaculture

WORLD PRODUCTION 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19991 (million tonnes) INLAND Capture 6.7 7.2 7.4 7.5 8.0 8.2 Aquaculture 12.1 14.1 16.0 17.6 18.7 19.8 Total inland 18.8 21.4 23.4 25.1 26.7 28.0 MARINE Capture 84.7 84.3 86.0 86.1 78.3 84.1 Aquaculture 8.7 10.5 10.9 11.2 12.1 13.1 Total marine 93.4 94.8 96.9 97.3 90.4 97.2 Total capture 91.4 91.6 93.5 93.6 86.3 92.3 Total aquaculture 20.8 24.6 26.8 28.8 30.9 32.9 Total world fisheries 112.3 116.1 120.3 122.4 117.2 125.2 UTILIZATION Human consumption 79.8 86.5 90.7 93.9 93.3 92.6 Reduction to fishmeal and oil 32.5 29.6 29.6 28.5 23.9 30.4 Population (billions) 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 Per capita food fish supply (kg) 14.3 15.3 15.8 16.1 15.8 15.4

1Preliminary estimate

FAO, 2001. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.

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SLIDE 24

European Union fisheries and aquaculture production

1986 1990 1994 1998 Aquaculture production Inland production ('000 tonnes) 171 221 241 249 Percentage of world total 3.0 2.7 2.0 1.3 Marine production ('000 tonnes) 699 717 796 1 085 Percentage of world total 20.6 14.5 9.2 8.9 Fisheries production Inland production ('000 tonnes) 113 107 104 120 Percentage of world total 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 Marine production ('000 tonnes) 6 774 6 067 6 737 6 419 Percentage of world total 8.6 7.7 8.0 8.2 Fisheries and aquaculture production Combined total ('000 tonnes) 7 757 7 114 7 878 7 873 Percentage of world total 8.3 7.2 7.0 6.7

FAO, 2001. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

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SLIDE 25

Capture fishery production by country Capture fishery production by country

1.8 2 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.5 5.3 17.2

China Japan United States

4.7

Russian Federation Peru Indonesia Chile India Thailand Norway Republic of Korea Phillipines 5 10 15 20 Capture fishery production (106 ton y-1)

FAO, 2001. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

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SLIDE 26

Chinese Chinese fishery data fishery data

Watson, R., Pang, L., Pauly, D., 2001. The Marine Fisheries of China: Development and Reported Catches. Fisheries Centre Research Report 9(2).

  • Univ. British Colombia, Canada.
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SLIDE 27

Avaliação de stocks Avaliação de stocks

  • Marcação

Marcação-

  • recaptura

recaptura

  • Análise de coortes

Análise de coortes

  • Demografia (otolitos e/ou escamas)

Demografia (otolitos e/ou escamas)

  • Densidade de ovos

Densidade de ovos

  • Curvas stock

Curvas stock-

  • recrutamento (MSY)

recrutamento (MSY)

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SLIDE 28

The triangle of fish migration The triangle of fish migration

Adult stock (feeding area) C Denatant Contranatant R e c r u i t m e n t A B Denatant Nursery area Spawning area

Cushing, D.H., 1975. Marine Ecology and Fisheries, Cambridge Univ. Press

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SLIDE 29

Maximum sustainable yield Maximum sustainable yield

Recruitment (106 1 2 MSY curve Replacement line 3 fish) Region of MSY 0.3 0.6 Stock (106 fish) 0.9

Parsons, Takahashi & Hargrave, 1984. Biological Oceanographic Processes, Pergamon

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SLIDE 30

EcoWin EcoWin -

  • Conceptual scheme of fish

Conceptual scheme of fish biomass variation biomass variation

Adult Biomass Growth by food consumption Migration by swimming Recruitment Mortality (natural or by fishing) Excretion Spawning

δB = Growth + Recruitment - Excretion - Spawning - Death + Swimming δt

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SLIDE 31

EcoWin EcoWin -

  • Conceptual scheme of fish life cycle

Conceptual scheme of fish life cycle

Growth by yolk sac absorption

Yolk sac larvae Eggs

2 days

Larvae

S p a w n i n g 1 d a y 1 day Growth by predation Growth by predation Mortality Mortality

Adults

Mortality Excretion Respiration 1 m

  • n

t h Mortality Excretion Respiration 1 year Growth by predation

Juveniles

Mortality Excretion Respiration

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SLIDE 32

Time and space scales for different groups Time and space scales for different groups

Space (km)

10,000

Time (days)

1 10 100 Phyto kton Zooplankton Fish Greenhouse effect 10,000 1000 plan Storms 1 10 100 1000