. . . but are going to hit their ultimate limitations. In a - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SLIDE 1

Mauro Mezzetto Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

Beta Beams

Summary:

• Introduction.
• The accelerator complex.
• Physics potential.
• Different scenarios.

Thanks to: P . Zucchelli, M. Lindroos, J. Bouchez, P . Hernandez, JJ Gomez-Cadenas, J. Burguet-Castell, O. Mena, D. Casper, A. Blondel, S. Gilardoni, C. Volpe, S. Rigolin, A. Donini, P . Migliozzi, F . Terranova, P . Lipari (I hope I’m not forgetting too many people). Neutrino 2004, College de France, June 14-19 ,2003

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

1

SLIDE 2

SLIDE 3

. . . but are going to hit their ultimate limitations.

In a conventional neutrino beam, neutrinos are produced by SECONDARY particle decays (mostly pions and kaons). Given the short life time of the pions (2.6 · 10−8s), they can only be focused (and charge selected) by means of magnetic

• horns. Then they are let to decay in a decay tunnel, short enough to prevent most of the muon decays.
• Besides the main component (νµ ) at least 3 other neutrino flavours are present (νµ , νe , νe ), generated

by wrong sign pions, kaons and muon decays.

νe contamination is a background for θ13 and δ, νµ contamination dilutes any CP asymmetry.

• Hard to predict the details of the neutrino beam starting from the primary proton beam, the problems

being on the secondary particle production side.

• Difficult to tune the energy of the beam in case of ongoing optimizations.
• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

3

SLIDE 4

All these limitations are overcome if secondary particles become primary

Collect, focus and accelerate the neutrino parents at a given energy. This is impossible within the pion lifetime, but can be tempted within the muon lifetime (Neutrino Factories) or within some radioactive ion lifetime (Beta Beams):

• Just one flavour in the beam
• Energy shape defined by just two parameters:

the endpoint energy of the beta decay and the

γ of the parent ion.

• Flux normalization given by the number of ions

circulating in the decay ring.

• Beam divergence given by γ.

The full 6He flux MonteCarlo code

Function Flux(E) Data Endp/3.5078/ Data Decays /2.9E18/ ye=me/EndP c ...For ge(ye) see hep-ph0312068 ge=0.0300615 2gE0=2*gamma*EndP c ... Kinematical Limits If(E.gt.(1-ye)*2gE0)THEN Flux=0. Return Endif c ...Here is the Flux Flux=Decays*gamma**2/(pi*L**2*ge)*(E**2*(2gE0-E))/ + 2gE0**4*Sqrt((1-E/2gE0)**2-ye**2) Return

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

4

SLIDE 5

Beta Beam (P. Zucchelli: Phys. Lett. B532:166, 2002)

• M. Lindroos and collaborators, see http://beta-beam.web.ch/beta-beam

SPL

Isol target & Ion source DECAY RING

B = 5T L = 2500 m

PSB

EURISOL

Existing at CERN New RFQ

SPS PS

Linac

• 1 ISOL target to produce He6, 100 µA, ⇒ 2.9 · 1018 ion decays/straight session/year. ⇒ νe .
• 3 ISOL targets to produce Ne18, 100 µA, ⇒ 1.2 · 1018 ion decays/straight session/year. ⇒ νe .
• The 4 targets could run in parallel, but the decay ring optics requires:

γ(Ne18) = 1.67 · γ(He6).

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

5

SLIDE 6

H- RFQ1 chop. RFQ2 RFQ1 chop. RFQ2 R F Q 1 c h

• p

. R F Q 2 DTL CCDTL RFQ1 chop. RFQ2 β 0.52 β 0.7 β 0.8 LEP-II

dump Source Low Energy section DTL Superconducting section 45 keV 7 MeV 120 MeV 1.08 GeV 2.2 GeV

3 MeV 18MeV 237MeV 389MeV 13m 78m 334m 345m

PS / Isolde

Stretching and collimation line

Accumulator Ring

MW-Linac: SPL (Superconducting Proton Linac)

EKIN = 2.2 GeV EKIN = 2.2 GeV Power = 4 MW Power = 4 MW Protons/s = 10 Protons/s = 1016

16

10 protons/year 10 protons/year

23 2 ma current 100 µa needed by Beta-Beam targets It can accomodate both a conventional ν beam (SPL-SuperBeam) and a Beta Beam

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

6

SLIDE 7

β

Layout very similar to planned EURISOL converter target aiming for 1015 fissions per s.

6 6He production by

He production by 9

9Be(n,

Be(n,α α) )

Converter technology:

(J. Nolen, NPA 701 (2002)

312c)

SLIDE 8

• There is an absolute need for stacking in the decay ring.

–

Not enough flux from source and injection chain.

–

Life time is an order of magnitude larger than injector cycling (120 s as compared to 8s).

–

We need to stack at least over 10 to 15 injector cycles.

• Cooling is not an option for the stacking process:

–

Electron cooling is excluded because of the high electron beam energy and in any case far too long cooling times.

–

Stochastic cooling is excluded by the high bunch intensities.

• Stacking without cooling creates “conflicts” with Liouville.

Asymmetric bunch pair merging

(Benedikt, Hancock, Vallet, A proof of principle of asymmteric bunch pair merging, AB-note-2003-080 MD))

• Try to cheat Liouville macroscopically by:

–

Stacking longitudinally in the centre of the existing beam.

–

Using the fact that “older” parts of the stack are naturally loosing density because of beta decay.

• Asymmetric bunch pair merging moves the fresh bunch into the

centre of the stack and pushes less dense phase space areas to larger amplitudes until these are cut by the momentum collimation system.

• The maximum density is always in the centre of the stack as

required by the experiment.

• 60
• 40
• 20

20 40 60 @nsD

• 4
• 2

2 4 @MeVD 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 @AD 8.17 ´ 1011 @e s V e D E{ rms = 0.0585 eVs BF = 0.16 E{ matched = 0.298 eVs Ne = 1.57 ´ 1011 2s p rms p = 1.2 ´ 10-3 fs0;1 = 822;790 Hz

• 125
• 100
• 75
• 50
• 25

25 50 @nsD

• 7.5
• 5
• 2.5

2.5 5 7.5 @MeVD 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 @AD 8.52 ´1011 @e s V e D E{ rms = 0.0583 eVs BF = 0.14 E{ matched = 0.317 eVs Ne = 1.63 ´ 1011 2s p rms p = 1.34 ´ 10-3 fs0;1 = 0;1060 Hz

• 100
• 75
• 50
• 25

25 50 75 @nsD

• 4
• 2

2 4 @MeVD 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 @AD 8.16 ´1011 @e s V e D E{ rms = 0.0593 eVs BF = 0.224 E{ matched = 0.333 eVs Ne = 1.56 ´ 1011 2s p rms p = 8.5 ´ 10-4 fs0;1 = 0;415 Hz

• 60
• 40
• 20

20 40 60 @nsD

• 4
• 2

2 4 @MeVD 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 @AD 8.1 ´1011 @ e s V e D E{ rms = 0.0639 eVs BF = 0.168 E{ matched = 0.323 eVs Ne = 1.6 ´ 1011 2s p rms p = 1.25 ´ 10-3 fs0;1 = 823;790 Hz

Asymmetric bunch merging

SLIDE 9

The decay ring

• Civil engineering costs: Estimate of 400 MCHF for 1.3% incline

(13.9 mrad)

• Ring length: 6850 m, useful straight session: 36%
• Magnet cost: first estimate at 100 MCHF (SC magnets, 5T)

FLUKA simulated losses in surrounding rock (no public health implications) Dipoles can be built with no coils in the path of the decaying particles to minimize peak power density in superconductor The losses have been simulated and

• ne possible dipole design has been

proposed

• S. Russenschuck, CERN
• For <75 the length could be halved
• With LHC magnets (10 T) the length could be halved
• A 2 km ring could be feasible under these assumptions

SLIDE 10

Mat s Lindroos M-MWATT Workshop, CERN, May 2004.

 R&D (improvements)

• Production of RIB (intensity)

– Simulations (GEANT, FLUKA) – Target design, only 100 kW primary proton beam in present design

• Acceleration (cost)

– FFAG versa linac/storage ring/RCS

• Tracking studies (intensity)

– Loss management

• Superconducting dipoles ( of neutrinos)

– Pulsed for new PS/SPS (GSI FAIR) – High field dipoles for decay ring to reduce arc length – Radiation hardness (Super FRS)

SPL ISOL Target + ECR Linac, cyclotron

• r FFAG

Rapid cycling synchrotron PS SPS Decay ring

SLIDE 11

Fluxes

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 x 10 7 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Eν (GeV) ν/m2/20 meV SPL νµ SPL ν

− µ

Beta ν

− e (He6)

Beta νe (Ne18)

CC Rates

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Eν (GeV) ν CC/kton/year SPL νµ SPL ν

− µ

Beta ν

− e (He6)

Beta νe (Ne18)

Fluxes @ 130 km

< Eν >

CC rate (no osc)

< Eν >

Years Integrated events

ν/m2/yr

(GeV) events/kton/yr (GeV) (440 kton × 10 years) SPL Super Beam

νµ 4.78 · 1011

0.27 41.7 0.32 2 36698

νµ 3.33 · 1011

0.25 6.6 0.30 8 23320 Beta Beam

νe (γ = 60) 1.97 · 1011

0.24 4.5 0.28 10 19709

νe (γ = 100) 1.88 · 1011

0.36 32.9 0.43 10 144783

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

11

SLIDE 12

UNO detector

• Fiducial volume: 440 kton: 20 times SuperK.
• 60000 PMTs (20”) in the inner detector,

15000 PMTs in the outer veto detector.

• Energy resolution is poor for multitrack

events but quite adequate for sub-GeV neutrino interactions.

• It would be hosted at the Frejus laboratory,

130 km from CERN, in a 106 m3 cavern to be excavated. The ultimate detector for proton decay, atmospheric neutrinos, supernovae neutrinos.

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

12

SLIDE 13

Beta Beam Backgrounds

Computed with a full simulation and reconstruction program. (Nuance + Dave Casper).

π from NC interactions

The main source of background comes from pions generated by resonant processes (∆+ production) in NC interactions. Pions cannot be separated from muons. However the threshold for this process is ≃ 450 MeV, and the pion must be produced above the Cerenkov threshold. Angular cuts have not be considered yet.

e/µ mis-identification

The full simulation shows that they can be kept well below

10−3 applying the following criteria:

• One ring event.
• Standard SuperK particle identification with likelihood

functions.

• A delayed decay electron.

Atmospheric neutrinos Atmospheric neutrino background can be kept low only by a very short duty cycle of the Beta Beam. A reduction factor bigger than 103 is needed. This is achieved by building 10 ns long Ion bunches.

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

13

SLIDE 14

Optimizing the Lorentz Boost γ (L=130 km). Preferred value: γ(6He ) = 60

Higher γ produce more CC interactions

More collimated neutrino production and higher cross sections.

γ CC Rate (a.u.)

2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 60 80 100 120 140

Background rate rises even faster

40 60 80 100 120 140 γ(He )

6

200 400 600 800 Bck x 4400 kton/yr

ν flux must match the CP-odd oscillating term

E

ν

(GeV) a.u.

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Detection efficiency as function of ν energy

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 E f f i c i e n c y Neutrino Energy (MeV)

• Std. Particle ID

+ decay electron

Antineutrino detection efficiency

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

14

SLIDE 15

Distinctive features of the Beta Beam

Just one neutrino flavour in the beam. Short baseline: no subtraction of the fake CP violating MSW effects. In the proposed scheme the νe channel is completely background free! Neutrino fluxes virtually systematics free. Excellent control

• f

systematic errors and a powerful measure

• f

neutrino cross-sections in the close detector. The νe and νe beams allow for the disappearance channel with a very good control of the systematics and a direct access to θ13 . The comparison of these two disappearance channels allows for CPT tests.

Furthermore when combined with the SPL-SuperBeam

Comparing the νµ and νµ SPL beams with the νe and νe Beta Beams: access to CP, T, and CPT searches. However

• Cross sections are small

⇒

very massive detectors.

• νµ /νµ

cross section ratio at a minimum (1/4).

• Visible energy smeared
• ut

by Fermi motion: counting experiment

• No

way to measure sign(∆m2).

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

15

SLIDE 16

The cross sections problem

V.V. Lyubushkin et al., internal NOMAD memo

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 10

• 1

1 10 10

2

E ν ( GeV

)

νµ + n µ − + p

GGM 77, CF

3 Br

GGM 79, C

3 H8 / CF3 Br

Serpukhov 85, Al SKAT 90, CF

3 Br

ANL 73, D2 ANL 77, D2 BNL 81, D

2

FermiLab 83, D2 CERN (WA-25) 90, D

2

σ (10 -38 cm /GeV)

2

/Eν

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 10

• 1

1 10 10

2

E ν ( GeV ) σ (10 -38 cm 2)

νµ + p → µ− + p + π+

ANL 82, H2 / D2 BNL 86, D2 BEBC 90, D2 GGM 78, C3 H8 SKAT 89, CF3 Br

Neutrino cross-sections are badly measured around 300 MeV. Nuclear effects are very important at these energies. No surprise that different MonteCarlo codes predict rates with a 30% spread.

On the other hand: Beta Beam is the ideal place where to measure neutrino cross sections

• Neutrino flux and spectrum are completely defined by the parent

ion characteristics and by the Lorentz boost γ.

• Just one neutrino flavour in the beam.
• You can scan different γ values starting from below the ∆

production threshold.

• A close detector can then measure neutrino cross sections with

unprecedent precision. A 2% systematic error both in signal and backgrounds is used in the following

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

16

SLIDE 17

Sensitivity to θ13

Computed for δCP = 0, sign(∆m2) = +1 and 5 years running.

• No way to disentangle θ13 from δ in a high sensitivity experiment.
• The full information of experiment sensitivity is given by a bidimensional θ13 vs δ plot.
• Beta Beam can measure θ13 both in appearance and in disappearance mode. All the

ambiguities can be removed for θ13 ≥ 3.4◦

δCP(deg.) Sin22θ13

CHOOZ excluded CNGS combined Beta Beam Disappearance (1% syst.) BNL J-Parc SPL+Beta Beams BetaBeam SPL 10

• 4

10

• 3

10

• 2

10

• 1
• 150
• 100
• 50

50 100 150

200 x Chooz

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

17

SLIDE 18

Fits to θ13 and δ

• 150
• 100
• 50

50 100 150 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

θ13 δ θ13 δ θ13 δ θ13 δ δm2

12 = 7 · 10−5 eV 2,

θ13 = 1◦, δCP = π/2, sign(∆m2) = +1

Beta Beam SPL-SB

6He 18Ne

νµ νµ

(γ = 60) (γ = 100) (2 yrs) (8 yrs) CC events (no osc, no cut) 19710 144784 36698 23320 Oscillated at the Chooz limit 681 5304 1491 1182 Oscillated 1 118 2 34

δ oscillated

• 12

54

• 27

16 Beam background 140 101 Detector backgrounds 1 397 37 50

δ-oscillated events indicates the difference between the oscillated events computed with δ = 90◦ and with δ = 0.

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

18

SLIDE 19

Leptonic CP violation discovery potential

Computed with:

γ(6He ) = 60 4400 kton/year exposure Systematic Err. = 2% ∆m2

23 = 2.5 · 10−3eV 2

∆m2

12 = 7.1 · 10−5eV 2

sin2 2θ23 = 1 sin2 2θ12 = 0.8 sign(∆ m2) = +1 σ(∆m2

23 ) = 10−4eV 2

σ(∆m2

12 ) = 10%

σ(sin2 2θ23) = 1% σ(sin2 2θ12) = 10% θ13 -δ degeneracy accounted for Octant and sign(∆ m2) degeneracies not accounted for.

3 σ discovery potential on δ as function of θ13

θ

13

(deg) δ (deg)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

19

SLIDE 20

The role of systematic errors

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 θ13 (deg) δ (deg)

Systematic errors can spoil the sensitivity. Particularly affected is 18Ne , at γ = 100, with lots of backgrounds. Indeed the 10% systematic error curve is computed running 5 years with 6He and 5 years with 18Ne , both at γ = 60. Conclusion: Beta Beam is not immune from systematic errors, but it offers an ideal environment to keep them low.

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

20

SLIDE 21

The SPL-SuperBeam- Beta Beam synergy

Not in the sense that SuperBeam helps in solving clone solutions. Rather the experimental result can be expressed in term of νe signal with π◦ backgrounds (SuperBeam) and in term of νµ signal with π+ backgrounds (Beta Beam).

θ

13

(deg) δ (deg)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

21

SLIDE 22

The eightfold degeneracy

• A. Donini et al. “Study of the eightfold degeneracy with a standard Beta-Beam and a Super-Beam facility”, hep-ph/0406132.

90% CL sensitivity plots assuming δ = 0, θ23 = 40◦.

Intrinsic Sign degeneracy Octant ambiguity (θ23=40 ) Mixed degeneracy

Beta Beam Super + Beta Beam

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

22

SLIDE 23

Unsolicited answers to some F.A.Q.

Is the value of ∆m2

23 critical?

θ13 (deg) δ (deg)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 7 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9

Is the CERN-Frejus a magic baseline?

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

13

θ (deg)

7 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9

δ (deg)

Is γ = 60 the absolute optimum?

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

δ (deg)

13

θ (deg)

7 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9

What is the role of cross section?

13

δ (deg)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

θ (deg)

7 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

23

SLIDE 24

The high energy option

P . Hernandez, J.J. Gomez-Cadenas et al., hep-ph/0312068 SPS allows max.

γ(6He) = 150.

In this scenario the γ(6He)

= 60, baseline=130 km

is the optimal configuration. Relaxing the SPS constraint and allowing for higher energies: another advantageous condition can be found at γ(6He) =

350(γ(18NE) = 580) (baseline ≃ 732 km). The advantages

• A ∼ 10 increase in CC rates (1.5 increase at

constant accelerator power).

• Exploit energy spectrum (more powerful fits to

θ13 , δ).

• Measure sign(∆m2).
• At Eν ≃ 1.2GeV water ˇ

Cerenkov detectors are still suitable. “.. our results show that a γ in the range of O(500) with a megaton detector at a distance of O(1000 km) will be hard to beat.”

γ=60, 400 kton γ=350, 40 kton γ=1500, 40 kton γ=350, 400 kton hep-ph/0312068

99 % CL No systematics included δ (deg) Beta Beam, this talk Beta+Super, this talk θ (deg)

13

The prices

• Use a 1 TeV, O(1) MWatt accelerator or or use LHC as a

third stage accelerator (max γ at LHC: 2488).

• A decay ring longer by a factor 6: the length of the decay

ring is proportional to γ.

• A new location for the MegaTon detector.
• No synergy with the SPL-SuperBeam.
• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

24

SLIDE 25

Another high energy option

P . Migliozzi, F . Terranova et al., hep-ph/0405081 Consider the maximum possible γ reachable at LHC γ(6He) = 2488 − γ(18NE) = 4147 and assume that LHC can digest all those ions. Fire the beam at LNGS. Count the νµ interactions in the rock with a very basic 15 × 15 m2 iron-active detectors sandwich. Strongly off-peak, but still capable to measure θ13 .

δCP(deg.) Sin22θ13

CHOOZ excluded CNGS combined Beta Beam Disappearance (1% syst.) BNL J-Parc SPL+Beta Beams BetaBeam SPL 10

• 4

10

• 3

10

• 2

10

• 1
• 150
• 100
• 50

50 100 150

This option

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

25

SLIDE 26

 Low energy beta-beam

• The proposal

– To exploit the beta-beam concept to produce intense and pure low-energy neutrino beams

(C. Volpe, Journ. Phys. G. 30(2004)L1, J.

Serreau, C.Volpe, hep-ph/0403293, C. Volpe, talk at this conference )

• Physics potential

– Neutrino-nucleus interaction studies for particle, nuclear physics, astrophysics (nucleosynthesis) – Neutrino properties, like n magnetic moment

N

boost

 

6He

Beta-beam

6He 6Li+e+e QMeV

e

e e

e



E T

6He 

SLIDE 27

Conclusions

• Beta-Beams are a novel, innovative concept that could produce neutrino beams virtually

free from intrinsic backgrounds and systematics.

• They could profit of very deep synergies with:

– Nuclear physicists aiming at a very intense source of radioactive ions. – A gigantic water Cerenkov detector with great physics potential in its own.

• The baseline scenario has not technological show stoppers and could offer excellent

physics in a timescale of O(10) years.

• The Super-Beta Beams combination can address δCP discovery having the distinctive

possibility of: – Combine CP , T and CPT searches – Use νe disappearance to solve all the ambiguities for reasonable large values of θ13 .

• Additional ideas are growing around this concept attracting the interest of more and more

physicists.

• M. Mezzetto, “Beta Beam”, Neutrino 04, College de France , 14-19 June 2004.

27

SLIDE 28

Comment on BB cost estimates

Educated guess on possible costs USD/CHF 1.60 UNO 960 MCHF SUPERBEAM LINE 100 MCHF SPL 300 MCHF PS UPGR. 100 MCHF SOURCE (EURISOL), STORAGE RING 100 MCHF SPS 5 MCHF DECAY RING CIVIL ENG. 400 MCHF DECAY RING OPTICS 100 MCHF TOTAL (MCHF) 2065 MCHF TOTAL (MUSD) 1291 MUSD INCREMENTAL COST (MCHF) 705 MCHF INCREMENTAL COST (MUSD) 441 MUSD

SLIDE 29

• A. Jansson, Rencontres de Moriond 2003

Estimated losses–CERN scenario

6He 18Ne

Machine Ions extracted Batches Loss power Power/length Source+Cyclotron 2 e6 /s 52.5 ms Storage ring 1.0 e12 1 3.0 W 19 mW/m Fast cycling syncrotron 1.0 e12 16 7.4 W 47 mW/m PS 1.0 e13 1 765 W 1.2 W/m SPS 0.9 e13 inf 3.63 kW 0.41 W/m Decay ring 2.0 e14 * 157 kW 8.9 W/m Machine Ions extracted Batches Loss power Power/length Source+Cyclotron 8 e11 /s 52.5 ms Storage ring 4.1e10 1 0.18 W 1.1 mW/m Fast cycling syncrotron 4.1 e10 16 0.46 W 2.9 mW/m PS 5.2 e11 1 56.4 W 90 mW/m SPS 5.9 e11 inf 277 W 32 mW/m Decay ring 9.1 e12 * 10.6 W 0.6 W/m

These numbers assumes 8s rep rate and only include decay losses from the beta beam!

(lost on inside) (lost on outside)

limit

* denotes equilibrium intensity in decay ring