Biomass based Decentralized Energy solutions Sunil Dhingra - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Biomass based Decentralized Energy solutions

Sunil Dhingra

Biomass Energy Technology Applications, TERI 13 February 2009

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Outline

• Energy scenario
• Major energy challenges
• Biomass Resource
• Some TERI initiatives
• Sum up

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

• Coal:

– Major fuel (38%)

• 70% of electricity generation is coal based
• Industrial fuel
• Biomass:

– Primary fuel for cooking in rural hhs

• Oil and natural gas:

– Mainly used as transport fuel

• Other uses: industry, irrigation pump-sets,

cooking fuel (LPG & kerosene)

• 75% imports
• Others

– Wind: > 10000 MW of installed capacity – Nuclear: Around 3000 MW

Energy Scenario in India: Energy Supply

Hydro 2% Nuclear 1% Oil 23% Natural Gas 7% Non- commercial (biomass) 29% Coal 38%

Source: Planning Commission,2005

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Energy Scenario in India: Low per capita energy consumption

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 USA China Russian Federation Japan India Germany Canada France United Kingdom South Korea World Average

0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 USA China Russian Federation Japan India Germany Canada France United Kingdom South Korea Brazil

• Present per capita

energy consumption very low

• Even with 8 %

economic growth, per capita energy consumption would

• nly be 1122 kgoe in

2030.

Source: Planning Commission,2005

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Energy Challenges

• Increasing energy supply for sustained

economic growth

• Energizing rural India
• Energy security
• Using energy efficiently
• Ensuring long-term sustainability of

energy use

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Biomass Energy : Current scenario

• Primary source of energy for 2.4 billion

people

• 11% contribution in the global final

energy consumption (2001) – Latin America – 18% – Asia – 25% – Africa – 49%

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Bio resource base in India

• Coal Production – 407 million tons

(2005-06)

• Biomass production – 840 million tons

(Firewood 220 million tons) (Agro residues 620 million tons)

• Biomass at par with coal, but used

inefficiently

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Modern biomass

• To reduce fossil fuel consumption
• To increase end-use efficiency
• To reduce greenhouse gas emissions

(Asian Brown Haze?)

Applications

• At domestic level
• At community level
• For small & rural enterprises
• For other applications

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Energizing rural India

• 44.2 % of the households i.e. 84 million

households do not have access to electricity (2000)

• 86% of the rural households depend on

biomass (firewood, chips, dungcakes) for cooking energy

• Access to modern energy is critical for:

–

Income poverty reduction

–

Improvements in health, education, etc

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

The Drivers

• Subsidy structure (Thermal & electrical)
• Incentives under:

– VESP (Village Energy Security Program) – RVE (Remote Village Electrification) – RGGVY (Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana)

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Village Energy Security through Biomass

• Aims at meeting the total energy requirements of

a village through modern biomass technologies such as biogas, biomass and biofuels based on locally available resources.

• Plantations of fast growing fuel wood and oil

bearing trees

• Goes beyond rural electrification per se
• Opportunities

for employment and income generation.

• Environment-friendly and sustainable.

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Biomass Conversion Technologies

• Modern biomass technologies can convert biomass to

solid, liquid or gaseous fuels at improved efficiencies for thermal, mechanical

• r

electrical energy production such as

Charcoal, briquettes Liquid fuels such as vegetable oils / bio-diesel

from oilseeds, ethanol from crop residues

Biogas from anaerobic digestion of animal and

• ther organic wastes / residues

Producer gas through biomass conversion in small

gasifiers

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Overview of Biomass Technology Research at TERI

• Power Gasifier

– Rural electrification (10-40 kWe) – Captive generation (50-250 kWe)

• Thermal Gasifier / Stove

– About 12 biomass gasifier based packages developed – Oil replacement market – Energy Efficiency improvement

• Bio-fuels

– Technology development for ethanol production from ligno-cellulose material – Production of fuel oil from Biomass through Pyrolysis

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Biomass gasifier based power plant

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Highlights – Thermal Gasifier

Application

• No. of gasifiers installed

Cardamom drying 185 Silk reeling 38 Textile Dyeing 27 Remelting furnaces 5 Institutional applications (Crematoria, cooking etc.) 25 CO2 production 3 Rubber drying 15 Magnesium Chloride 2 Food Processing 40 Others 15

Total 355

Fossil Fuel displaced ~ 43,000 TOE Emission reduction 159,000 tonnes CO2

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Gasifier applications in small industries

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Biogas Production

• Biogas

(gobar gas) has traditionally been produced from cow dung.

• Technologies being developed

for using tree based organic substrates such as leaf litter, seed starch / cakes, vegetable waste, kitchen waste, etc.

• Single/biphasic processes give

higher methane yield with lower retention period

• Biogas

can be used for cooking,

• r

to produce electricity in dual fuel or in 100% gas engine mode. Rich

• rganic manure provides value

addition

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Gasifier Stove

Smokeless and complete combustion.

• Higher efficiency
• Easy to operate
• Consumes very low power
• Family stove 2 to 4 Watt
• Community 20 Watt
• Economically viable
• Can be manufactured locally
• Ease in service and maintenance
• Comfortable ash removal system
• Provided with PV / power pack
• Controlling the power to the

required level

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Bio-fuel Production

• Biofuels comprise non-edible

vegetable oils in their natural form called straight vegetable

• ils (SVO), methyl or ethyl

esters known as treated vegetable oils, and esterified vegetable oils referred to as bio-diesel

• In remote areas esterification

may have logistic limitations. Use of SVO in stationery diesel engines appears feasible subject to modified maintenance schedule and by heating the oil using engine exhaust heat

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Highlights – Power Gasifier

Project Project commissio ned Total Cumulative hours logged Number of families connected Average Load kWe Village Kaneiput Orissa May 2004 3000 32 5-6 Village Deodhara, Orrissa December 2004 1900 65 6-8 Village Jemara, Chattisgarh February 2005 2500 92 8-9 Village Bhaogarh Rajasthan, April 2006 1500 97 9-10 Village Jambopani Madhya Pradesh August 2007 500 97 9-10 Village Dawania Madhya Pradesh October 2007 250 122 9-10

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Village Energy Security Project – Villl.Jambupani, MP

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Gasifier system for rubber drying units

• Block rubber units use

electricity or diesel for drying the rubber

• Gasifier system of 100 kg/h

capacity intervention has been able to save conventional fuel (diesel) of the order of 30 l/h.

• Economic benefit: with an

initial investment of Rs 10 lakhs, the industry has been able to saves Rs 4000 per day which translate into payback

• f just only 250 days.

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Gasifier system for silk reeling oven

Benefits of gasifier system

• 57.3% wood saving
• 3.6% renditta

improvement

• Rs. 20/kg premium for

better quality

• Annual monetary

benefits Rs.2,25,000

• Payback 3 months
• IRR 330%

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Conclusions

• High potential for biomass based decentralized

applications to meet global Climate change challenge

• Increased use of biomass energy are global &

national priorities

• Growing experience of modern biomass technologies

such as biomass gasification has potential to penetrate in two segments: – Decentralized small scale biomass gasifier based power plant for rural areas – Biomass gasifier based thermal applications in SMiEs (Small and Micro Enterprises)

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Conclusions (contd.)

• Need for technology development and

standardization

• Climate change instruments for small

capacity projects (bundling/ programmatic)

• South-South cooperation and partnership
• Knowledge sharing network

Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge

Thank you for your attention

Contact me at: dhingras@teri.res.in