Slide 1 / 192 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course materials to parents, students and others. Click to go to website: www.njctl.org Slide 2 / 192 BIOLOGY Ecology March 2014 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 192 Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. abiotic competition autotroph conservation consumer biodiversity decomposer biome detritivore bioplastic biosphere ecological succession ecology biotic carnivore ecosystem evaporation carrying capacity exponential growth climate climax community food chain commensalism food web community greenhouse effect
Slide 4 / 192 Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. habitat pioneer species herbivore precipitation predation heterotroph producer invasive species renewable resource limiting nutrient logistic growth runoff symbiosis monoculture mutualism transpiration niche nitrogen fixation nonrenewable resource omnivore parasitism Slide 5 / 192 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section Intro to Ecology · Population Ecology · Community Ecology · Nutrient Cycles · Conservation Biology · Slide 6 / 192 Intro to Ecology Return to Table of Contents
Slide 7 / 192 Ecology Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. This squirrelfish is being cleaned by a cleaner wrasse. Cleaner wrasse are small fish that eat parasites and debris off of larger fish. An ecologist would see this and think: Does this harm or benefit the squirrelfish? · Does this behavior lead to higher survival for the cleaner wrasse? · Do cleaner wrasse compete for host fish? · How does this behavior affect predation of the cleaner wrasse? · Slide 8 / 192 Ecology Acacia ants have a unique relationship with the Acacia tree in which they live. Click the picture to watch a video about Acacia ants. Think like an ecologist. What questions do you have about this behavior? Slide 9 / 192 Levels of Biological Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organism So far, you have studied how cells, tissues and organs interact to create an organism. Ecology studies how organisms interact with other organisms and variables in their environments.
Slide 10 / 192 Levels of Biological Organization Organism Population Community Biosphere Ecosystem Biome Slide 11 / 192 Population A population is a group of individuals that live in the same area, can interbreed, and share the same gene pool. Evolution occurs at a population level. Individual organisms cannot evolve. Formation of new species happens as individuals within a population undergo changes in genotype and phenotype. Slide 12 / 192 Community A community is composed of all the different populations of species that live in a given area. Organisms within a community interact with each other ways that can be both beneficial and harmful. Competition for resources between members of a community is one factor that shapes evolution by natural selection.
Slide 13 / 192 Ecosystem An ecosystem includes all of the living and nonliving factors that exist in a community. Slide 14 / 192 Biomes A biome is a group of ecosystems that have similar climates, animals and plants. There are both terrestrial and marine biomes. Coral reefs exist in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. However, all reefs are found in shallow, nutrient-rich waters and are inhabited by similar organisms. Slide 15 / 192 Terrestrial Biomes Temperate Temperate Desert Rainforest Grasslands Forest Taiga Alpine Chaparral Savannah Tundra
Slide 16 / 192 Marine Biomes Marine Freshwater Freshwater Wetlands Coral Reefs Estuaries Slide 17 / 192 Biosphere The biosphere is the portion of Earth in which all life exists. This includes the land, water, and air. Slide 18 / 192 Levels of Biological Organization a group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area. all of the organisms that live in a given area and their physical environment. different populations that live in the same area. the portion of Earth that contains all ecosystems. a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar communities. Community Biome Biosphere Population Ecosystem
Slide 19 / 192 1 Which of the following levels of biological organization includes all of the others? A Community Answer B Ecosystem C Organism D Population Slide 19 (Answer) / 192 1 Which of the following levels of biological organization includes all of the others? A Community Answer B Ecosystem B C Organism D Population [This object is a pull tab] Slide 20 / 192 Population Ecology Factors · Habitats & Niches · Population Growth · Click on the topic to go to that section Return to Table of Contents
Slide 21 / 192 Population Ecology Population ecology studies the interactions between a population and its environment. The water-holding frog of Australia burrows into the ground during the dry season. It surrounds itself with a water- tight mucus secretion that acts as a cocoon. When it rains, the frog emerges to lay eggs. The eggs hatch and the tadpoles develop quickly before the puddle disappears. What types of factors affect the water-holding frog? Slide 22 / 192 Factors Populations are affected negatively and positively by a variety of factors in their environment. The saguaro cactus are desert plants with adaptations that enable it to live in dry conditions. They have one large taproot that extends into the ground with small, shallow roots that quickly absorb any water that falls. Spines help to channel water, redirect the wind, protect the cactus from animals, and insulate the cactus. Some animals, such as pack rats, eat the cactus. Other animals, such as bats, eat the fruit of the cactus, aiding in pollination and dispersal of seeds. Name one positive factor and one negative factor that affects the saguaro. Slide 23 / 192 Factors Abiotic factors are physical, nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem. · Sunlight · Precipitation · Temperature · Wind Temperature Wind · Soil type · Nutrient availability Nutrients Soil
Slide 24 / 192 Factors · Plants Biotic factors are the living things that · Animals make up an ecosystem. · Fungi · Bacteria Slide 25 / 192 Factors Let's revisit the saguaro cactus... The saguaro cactus are desert plants with have adaptations that enable it to live in dry conditions. They have one large taproot that extends into the ground with small, shallow roots that quickly absorb any water that falls. Spines help to channel water, redirect the wind, protect the cactus from animals, and insulate the cactus. Some animals, such as pack rats, eat the cactus. Other animals, such as bats, eat the fruit of the cactus, aiding in pollination and dispersal of seeds. List two abiotic and two biotic factors that affect the saguaro cactus. Slide 26 / 192 2 All of the following are abiotic factors except: A microorganisms B pH Answer C temperature D nutrients
Slide 26 (Answer) / 192 2 All of the following are abiotic factors except: A microorganisms B pH Answer A C temperature D nutrients [This object is a pull tab] Slide 27 / 192 3 Which of the following levels of biological organization includes both abiotic and biotic factors? A Species B Population Answer C Community D Ecosystem Slide 27 (Answer) / 192 3 Which of the following levels of biological organization includes both abiotic and biotic factors? A Species B Population Answer D C Community D Ecosystem [This object is a pull tab]
Slide 28 / 192 4 Sea turtles undergo temperature-dependent sex determination. The prevailing temperature during embryonic development determines the sex of the turtle. Warm temperatures result in females while cooler temperatures result in males. What type of factor influences the sex of sea turtles? A Biotic B Abiotic Answer Slide 28 (Answer) / 192 4 Sea turtles undergo temperature-dependent sex determination. The prevailing temperature during embryonic development determines the sex of the turtle. Warm temperatures result in females while cooler temperatures result in males. What type of factor influences the sex of sea turtles? A Biotic B Abiotic Answer B [This object is a pull tab] Slide 29 / 192 Habitat The term habitat describes the specific area - including biotic and abiotic factors - where an organism lives within an ecosystem. A habitat is like an organism's home within an ecosystem.
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