BIODIVERSITY AND GENETIC DIVERSITY CONTRIBUTION TO DURABILITY AND QUALITY IN FRUIT PRODUCTION Workshop- Belgian Conference Biodiversity and Public Health 30 November 2011 Wannes Keulemans
Outline 1. Biodiversity, genetic diversity and sustainability: definitions 2. Biodiversity and fruit ecosystems 3. Genetic diversity, fruit quality and human health 4. Genetic diversity, sustainability and plant health 5. Genetic diversity and apple breeding 6. Genetic diversity, biodiversity and conservation 7. Conclusions and recommendations
1. Definitions 1.1. Sustainability and fruit quality Sustainability: - economical aspects (increased yield) - environmental aspects (less pesticides) - social aspects (increased public acceptance: high stem orchards ) Fruit quality: residue, colour, taste, flavour,... 1.2. Biodiversity and genetic diversity - ecosystem diversity - species diversity - intra species diversity: cultivars and varieties - genetic diversity genotype versus fenotype diversity (e.g. size of apples) Only a small part of the genetic diversity is used in agricultural production
2. Biodiversity and fruit ecosystems - There is more biodiversity in fruit ecosystems compared to field crops - trees are perennials: increase in biodiversity adapted to fruit (e.g. natural pollinators) - orchard are surrounded by hedges - less erosion (grasses between rows and cover crops - clover - within rows) - management of grass-cutting can increase biodiversity - Cultivar diversity leads to a more stable system but is not realistic: monoculture within the same orchard - Many ‘biological’ systems or organisms are negative: forest bugs in pear, predatory mites in bee keeping - Organic fruit production: - more biodiversity? - reduced yield (< 50 % in pears)
2. Biodiversity and fruit ecosystems: predators Some specific interactions are useful in fruit production (IPM) Aphids, spider mites and bugs Eriosoma and entomopathogenic nematodes
2. Biodiversity and fruit ecosystems: pollination Many crops are depending on pollination to set fruit or seed Apples and pears depend on honey bee pollination Coffee depend on wild bee pollination
3. Genetic diversity, apple quality and human health one apple a day keeps the doctor away Apple is considered as a fruit with high quality and health properties - acids - sugars - minerals - fibres 1800 - phenolic compounds Harvest 1600 Shelf-life 3-months - antioxidants (LAA-vitamin C) 1400 1200 nmol/gfw 1000 800 High variability between cultivars 600 400 Genetic diversity can be used for 200 0 breeding 8 G a a l a r y n a d n i x a d d a y e n a e e t l 4 z e s h y r r ) E n n m e a a t j l l e n o n e e a 2 l l d s i v v n t r i l 2 o l u s u t o N l r i e i r l G l i d a C i i r t t ( i u a r t i i e e s e r c L g b l u r a a s s g c t e r t A l b s l K a o s b L n s P s r i m E e H n o u r d e o n a x s R i M i m d l u e u n E G L r A G J F I B l e n i i k k l G l j r a S e P e o o e a o u P n v e s A l r r r G e r m J F B i a r e a c m G x P a r m b i o G b M o o l r l a e R c i e r D J D i a M Variety t n O
4. Genetic diversity, sustainability and plant health reduction of pesticides Breaburn Gloster Greenstar Kanzi Prinova Idared Primadella HL 166 A King Golden Elshof Cox NADP+ NADP+ GSH GSH DHA DHA Galaxy NAD(P)+ NAD(P)+ NAD(P)H NAD(P)H Stroma Stroma GR DHAR Topaz MDHAR NADPH NADPH GSSG GSSG Delest AA AA MDHA MDHA Prima sAPx Radoux H 2 O 2 H 2 O H H 2 2 O O 2 10/3/267 SOD O O 2 O 2 O 2 20/33/58 2 Fd Fd Fd Fd . .- - . .- - AA AA MDHA O 2 O MDHA O O 2 2 21/4/378 2 H H 2 2 O O 2 H H 2 2 O O HL 248 SOD 2 tAPx PSI PSII PSII PSI 20/22/201 1/1/174 Thylakoid lumen Retina Madav 90901 Priscilla 20/18/190 7/4/164 High variability in susceptibility for 7/5/151 5/8/49 apple scab and Botrytis Pristine 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 I S
4. Genetic diversity, sustainability and plant health reduction of bioregulators and increase in abiotic stress resistance Tree shape is manipulated by bio-regulators Abiotic stress resistance will be a major concern because of climate change (draught stress, CO2, ozone,...) The genetic potential is present to solve these problems
5. The large genetic diversity present in apple is the basis for sustainability 1. for each gene we have >> 10 polymorphisms between 2 cultivars 2. not all of these polymorphism are functional 3. allelic diversity of a gene is the basis of biodiversity cv SNPs A 495,484 B 461,053 C 376,717 E 323,598 F 343,073 G 323,456 H 366,067 J 301,021 K 385,786 L 306,651 M 394,927 N 275,272 O 329,838 P 308,774
5. Genetic diversity is not the same as biodiversity - Variation in fruit firmness (biodiversity) is under control of genetic effects and environment (crop load, fertilizers, irrigation) -
5. Genetic diversity present in apple Total number and effective number of alleles at 10 SSR loci of modern apple cultivars and old varieties # Alleles A e Locus Modern NBS CRA Total Modern NB S CRA Total CH01F02 17 15 19 22 8.0 8.2 6.9 7.6 CH01H01 13 14 15 18 6.9 8.0 7.2 7.6 CH01H10 10 9 8 13 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.8 CH02B12 10 14 13 16 4.0 6.8 6.8 6.3 CH02C06 18 17 17 22 7.7 7.9 7.8 8.2 02b1 12 11 14 16 4.6 5.1 5.5 5.2 04h11 8 8 8 11 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.3 05g8 14 12 12 18 2.7 3.7 4.0 3.7 23g4 14 15 14 15 5.6 3.5 3.4 4.0 28f4 8 8 7 10 3.4 4.1 3.8 4.0 Average 12.4 12.3 12.7 16.1 4.9 5.3 5.2 5.3
5. Genetic diversity present in apple Allele frequency at SSR loci of modern apple cultivars and old varieties 25 60 55 50 20 Allele frequency (%) Allele frequency (%) 45 40 15 35 30 25 10 20 15 5 10 5 0 0 91 106 109 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 128 130 132 134 140 142 144 146 92 97 99 101 104 106 108 110 113 114 116 133 135 Allele size (bp) Modern NBS CRA Allele size (bp) Modern NBS CRA 55 50 50 45 45 40 Allele frequency (%) 40 35 Allele frequency (%) 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 109 113 120 121 123 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 141 143 145 201 203 205 207 209 213 219 221 223 225 229 Allele size (bp) Allele size (bp) Modern NBS CRA Modern NBS CRA
5. Genetic diversity present in apple Genetic similarities are rather low in modern apple
5. Genetic diversity present in apple Total number of alleles at 10 SSR loci of wild apple ( M. sylvestris) SSR-analysis (10) population n average # alleles 16,9 « Meerdaal » 175 5,9 « Heverleebos » 11 6,5 « Voeren » 8 8,3 « Houyet » 13 6,9 « La Roche » 8 9,5 « Rance » 18 7,4 « Spa » 8 9,6 « Treignes » 16 6,9 « Verviers » 8 8,1 « Vielsalm » 9 7,0 Germany 11 11,5 France 20 CRA 12.7 NBC 12.3 Modern 12.4
5. Genetic diversity in apple Diversity of the S-RNase gene (modern) x 0 0 1 1 ' 3 S 0 5 2 1 0 5 9 ' ' ' ' 7 1 S ' ' ' 7 1 S ' 7 1 S 9 ' 2 S t S 1 3 S 9 2 S 6 2 S 4 2 S 3 2 S 2 2 S 1 2 S 0 2 S 9 1 S 7 1 S 6 1 S 1 1 S 0 1 S 9 S 8 S 7 S 6 S 5 S 4 S 3 S 2 S 1 S 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
5. Genetic diversity present in apple Belgian wild apple ( M. sylvestris ) and domesticated apple ( M. x domestica) are different, but closely related M.syl Denmark M.syl Germany M.syl Flanders M.syl Central Asia M.syl Wallonia M.syl France .8 .6 CRA Cider apple .4 .2 PC2 0.0 Danish cultivar -.2 CRA cultivar -.4 NBS cultivar -.6 Modern cultivar -.8 -.8 -.6 -.4 -.2 0.0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 PC1 1
5. Genetic diversity present in apple Differences based on chloroplast DNA reveals the origin of our cultivated apple: M. x domestica M. sylvestris M. sierversii M. orientalis
5. Genetic diversity present in apple The difference between functional and random genetic diversity SSR-analysis (10) S-allele-analysis population n average # alleles n Absolute # alleles 16,9 « Meerdaal » 175 65 29 5,9 « Heverleebos » 11 12 11 6,5 « Voeren » 8 8 11 8,3 « Houyet » 13 19 8 6,9 « La Roche » 8 6 9 9,5 « Rance » 18 20 14 9,6 « Treignes » 16 19 14 11,5 France 20 20 17 A Locus M.siev. M.orRu M.orTu oude moderne Tot. CH03d11 12 9 9 7 4 15 COL 12 5 11 10 7 15 Gem. 12 7 10 8,5 5,5 15
5. Genetic diversity: conclusions – Genetic diversity is not the same as biodiversity (diversity of fenotypes): this difference is important for conservation strategies – Collections of old varieties in Belgium are genetically the same – Modern apple collections cover about the same genetic diversity as collections of old varieties – Genetic diversity: functional (genes and fenotypes) versus random (non functional) diversity – Genetic diversity in apple has decreased during domestication there is a need for conservation : - for apple breeding - to understand the diversity of biological processes in fruit (e.g. diseases and stress resistance)
6. Genetic diversity, biodiversity and conservation
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