BIODIVERSITY AND GENETIC DIVERSITY CONTRIBUTION TO DURABILITY AND - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
biodiversity and genetic diversity
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

BIODIVERSITY AND GENETIC DIVERSITY CONTRIBUTION TO DURABILITY AND - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 23, 2023 530 likes •792 views

BIODIVERSITY AND GENETIC DIVERSITY CONTRIBUTION TO DURABILITY AND QUALITY IN FRUIT PRODUCTION Workshop- Belgian Conference Biodiversity and Public Health 30 November 2011 Wannes Keulemans Outline 1. Biodiversity, genetic diversity and

slide-1
SLIDE 1

BIODIVERSITY AND GENETIC DIVERSITY

CONTRIBUTION TO DURABILITY AND QUALITY IN FRUIT PRODUCTION Wannes Keulemans

Workshop- Belgian Conference Biodiversity and Public Health 30 November 2011

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Outline

  • 1. Biodiversity, genetic diversity and sustainability: definitions
  • 2. Biodiversity and fruit ecosystems
  • 3. Genetic diversity, fruit quality and human health
  • 4. Genetic diversity, sustainability and plant health
  • 5. Genetic diversity and apple breeding
  • 6. Genetic diversity, biodiversity and conservation
  • 7. Conclusions and recommendations
slide-3
SLIDE 3
  • 1. Definitions

1.1. Sustainability and fruit quality 1.2. Biodiversity and genetic diversity Only a small part of the genetic diversity is used in agricultural production

Sustainability:

  • economical aspects (increased yield)
  • environmental aspects (less pesticides)
  • social aspects (increased public acceptance: high stem orchards)

Fruit quality: residue, colour, taste, flavour,...

  • ecosystem diversity
  • species diversity
  • intra species diversity: cultivars and varieties
  • genetic diversity

genotype versus fenotype diversity (e.g. size of apples)

slide-4
SLIDE 4
  • 2. Biodiversity and fruit ecosystems
  • There is more biodiversity in fruit ecosystems compared to field crops
  • trees are perennials: increase in biodiversity adapted to fruit

(e.g. natural pollinators)

  • orchard are surrounded by hedges
  • less erosion (grasses between rows and cover crops - clover -

within rows)

  • management of grass-cutting can increase biodiversity
  • Cultivar diversity leads to a more stable system but is not realistic:

monoculture within the same orchard

  • Many ‘biological’ systems or organisms are negative:

forest bugs in pear, predatory mites in bee keeping

  • Organic fruit production:
  • more biodiversity?
  • reduced yield (< 50 % in pears)
slide-5
SLIDE 5
  • 2. Biodiversity and fruit ecosystems: predators

Some specific interactions are useful in fruit production (IPM)

Aphids, spider mites and bugs Eriosoma and entomopathogenic nematodes

slide-6
SLIDE 6
  • 2. Biodiversity and fruit ecosystems: pollination

Many crops are depending on pollination to set fruit or seed

Apples and pears depend on honey bee pollination Coffee depend on wild bee pollination

slide-7
SLIDE 7
  • 3. Genetic diversity, apple quality and human health
  • ne apple a day keeps the doctor away

Apple is considered as a fruit with high quality and health properties

  • acids
  • sugars
  • minerals
  • fibres
  • phenolic compounds
  • antioxidants (LAA-vitamin C)

High variability between cultivars Genetic diversity can be used for breeding

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

S u n r i s e G r a v e n s t e i n R e t i n a P r i m a D e l b a r e E s t i v a l J a m e s G r i e v e A l k m e n e A r l e t G a l a E l s t a r L i b e r t y M e r l i j n P r i s c i l l a H L 2 4 8 A n g

  • l

d G

  • l

d e n K a n z i C

  • x

D e l b a r e J u b i l e M i c r

  • m

a l u s G

  • l

d r u s h F l

  • r

i n a I d a r e d R

  • m

e B e a u t y G l

  • s

t e r G r e e n s t a r M i c r

  • m

a l u s ( 2 ) J

  • n

a g

  • l

d F u j i x N E G O n t a r i

  • x

P r i s c i l l a B r a e b u r n P i n k L a d y

Variety nmol/gfw

Harvest Shelf-life 3-months

slide-8
SLIDE 8
  • 4. Genetic diversity, sustainability and plant health

reduction of pesticides High variability in susceptibility for apple scab and Botrytis

10 20 30 40 50 60

Pristine 5/8/49 7/5/151 7/4/164 20/18/190 Priscilla Retina 1/1/174 20/22/201 HL 248 21/4/378 20/33/58 10/3/267 Radoux Prima Delest Topaz Galaxy Cox Elshof Golden King HL 166 A Primadella Idared Prinova Kanzi Greenstar Gloster Breaburn

I S

PSI Fd Fd PSI PSII

NADPH NADPH NADP+ NADP+ GSH GSH GSSG GSSG DHA DHA H H2

2O

O2

2 NAD(P)H NAD(P)H NAD(P)+ NAD(P)+

H H2

2O

O O O2

2

O O2

2

. .-

  • H

H2

2O

O2

2

SOD SOD

PSII

H H2

2O

O

AA AA

GR DHAR MDHAR tAPx

Fd Fd

O O2

2

O O2

2

. .-

  • MDHA

MDHA AA AA MDHA MDHA

sAPx

Stroma Stroma Thylakoid lumen

Madav 90901
slide-9
SLIDE 9
  • 4. Genetic diversity, sustainability and plant health

reduction of bioregulators and increase in abiotic stress resistance

Tree shape is manipulated by bio-regulators Abiotic stress resistance will be a major concern because of climate change (draught stress, CO2, ozone,...) The genetic potential is present to solve these problems

slide-10
SLIDE 10
  • 5. The large genetic diversity present in apple is

the basis for sustainability

  • 1. for each gene we have >> 10

polymorphisms between 2 cultivars

  • 2. not all of these polymorphism are

functional

  • 3. allelic diversity of a gene is the basis of

biodiversity

cv SNPs A 495,484 B 461,053 C 376,717 E 323,598 F 343,073 G 323,456 H 366,067 J 301,021 K 385,786 L 306,651 M 394,927 N 275,272 O 329,838 P 308,774

slide-11
SLIDE 11
  • 5. Genetic diversity is not the same as biodiversity
  • Variation in fruit firmness (biodiversity) is under control of genetic effects

and environment (crop load, fertilizers, irrigation)

slide-12
SLIDE 12

# Alleles Ae Locus Modern NBS CRA Total Modern NBS CRA Total CH01F02 17 15 19 22 8.0 8.2 6.9 7.6 CH01H01 13 14 15 18 6.9 8.0 7.2 7.6 CH01H10 10 9 8 13 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.8 CH02B12 10 14 13 16 4.0 6.8 6.8 6.3 CH02C06 18 17 17 22 7.7 7.9 7.8 8.2 02b1 12 11 14 16 4.6 5.1 5.5 5.2 04h11 8 8 8 11 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.3 05g8 14 12 12 18 2.7 3.7 4.0 3.7 23g4 14 15 14 15 5.6 3.5 3.4 4.0 28f4 8 8 7 10 3.4 4.1 3.8 4.0 Average 12.4 12.3 12.7 16.1 4.9 5.3 5.2 5.3

  • 5. Genetic diversity present in apple

Total number and effective number of alleles at 10 SSR loci of modern apple cultivars and old varieties

slide-13
SLIDE 13

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 92 97 99 101 104 106 108 110 113 114 116 133 135

Allele size (bp) Allele frequency (%) Modern NBS CRA

5 10 15 20 25 91 106 109 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 128 130 132 134 140 142 144 146

Allele size (bp) Allele frequency (%) Modern NBS CRA

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 109 113 120 121 123 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 141 143 145

Allele size (bp) Allele frequency (%) Modern NBS CRA 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 201 203 205 207 209 213 219 221 223 225 229

Allele size (bp) Allele frequency (%) Modern NBS CRA

  • 5. Genetic diversity present in apple

Allele frequency at SSR loci of modern apple cultivars and old varieties

slide-14
SLIDE 14
  • 5. Genetic diversity present in apple

Genetic similarities are rather low in modern apple

slide-15
SLIDE 15
  • 5. Genetic diversity present in apple

Total number of alleles at 10 SSR loci of wild apple (M. sylvestris)

population SSR-analysis (10) n average # alleles

« Meerdaal » 175 16,9 « Heverleebos » 11 5,9 « Voeren » 8 6,5 « Houyet » 13 8,3 « La Roche » 8 6,9 « Rance » 18 9,5 « Spa » 8 7,4 « Treignes » 16 9,6 « Verviers » 8 6,9 « Vielsalm » 9 8,1 Germany 11 7,0 France 20 11,5 CRA 12.7 NBC 12.3 Modern 12.4

slide-16
SLIDE 16
  • 5. Genetic diversity in apple

Diversity of the S-RNase gene (modern)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 S 8 S 9 S 1 S 1 1 S 1 6 S 1 7 S 1 9 S 2 S 2 1 S 2 2 S 2 3 S 2 4 S 2 6 S 2 9 S 3 1 S t S 2 9 ' S 1 7 ' S 1 7 ' ' ' S 1 7 ' ' ' ' 9 5 1 2 5 S 3 ' 1 1 x

slide-17
SLIDE 17

1 CRA Cider apple Danish cultivar Modern cultivar CRA cultivar NBS cultivar M.syl France M.syl Wallonia M.syl Flanders M.syl Denmark M.syl Germany M.syl Central Asia

PC1

1.0 .8 .6 .4 .2 0.0

  • .2
  • .4
  • .6
  • .8

PC2

.8 .6 .4 .2 0.0

  • .2
  • .4
  • .6
  • .8
  • 5. Genetic diversity present in apple

Belgian wild apple (M. sylvestris) and domesticated apple (M. x domestica) are different, but closely related

slide-18
SLIDE 18
  • 5. Genetic diversity present in apple

Differences based on chloroplast DNA reveals the

  • rigin of our cultivated apple:
  • M. x domestica
  • M. sylvestris
  • M. sierversii
  • M. orientalis
slide-19
SLIDE 19

population SSR-analysis (10) S-allele-analysis n average # alleles n Absolute # alleles

« Meerdaal » 175 16,9 65 29 « Heverleebos » 11 5,9 12 11 « Voeren » 8 6,5 8 11 « Houyet » 13 8,3 19 8 « La Roche » 8 6,9 6 9 « Rance » 18 9,5 20 14 « Treignes » 16 9,6 19 14 France 20 11,5 20 17

  • 5. Genetic diversity present in apple

The difference between functional and random genetic diversity

Locus M.siev. M.orRu M.orTu

  • ude

moderne Tot. CH03d11 12 9 9 7 4 15 COL 12 5 11 10 7 15 Gem. 12 7 10 8,5 5,5 15 A

slide-20
SLIDE 20

– Genetic diversity is not the same as biodiversity (diversity of fenotypes): this difference is important for conservation strategies – Collections of old varieties in Belgium are genetically the same – Modern apple collections cover about the same genetic diversity as collections of old varieties – Genetic diversity: functional (genes and fenotypes) versus random (non functional) diversity – Genetic diversity in apple has decreased during domestication there is a need for conservation :

  • for apple breeding
  • to understand the diversity of biological processes in fruit (e.g.

diseases and stress resistance)

  • 5. Genetic diversity: conclusions
slide-21
SLIDE 21
  • 6. Genetic diversity, biodiversity and conservation
slide-22
SLIDE 22

Grazed areas – M. sieversii

  • n slopes

Super-elite M. sieversii Heavy grazing of habitat Fruit from 30 randomly-collected

  • M. sieversii trees
  • M. sieversii
  • 6. Genetic diversity, biodiversity and conservation

Kazachstan is the centre of origin in apple Protection, collection,and description of diversity

slide-23
SLIDE 23
  • 6. Genetic diversity, biodiversity and conservation

The same genetic diversity can be stored in a subset of selected individual genotypes: conservation of biodiversity or genetic diversity

slide-24
SLIDE 24
  • 6. Genetic diversity, biodiversity and conservation

Conservation methods: in situ, ex situ, in vitro or cryopreservation??

slide-25
SLIDE 25
  • 6. Genetic diversity and biodiversity: conclusions

and recommendations

Agrobiodiversity – Low in the agro ecosystem itself (but high compared to other crops) – Increase of biodiversity is not evident – Increase for specific aims (IPM) is more realistic (ecosytem service) Genetic diversity

  • Is not the same as biodiversity
  • There is more genetic diversity available than used for modern

cultivar breeding

  • Genetic resources from wild apple are underexploited
  • High need for conservation
  • Recommendations for policy makers-governments
  • Reduce conservation for the conservation
  • Focus more on conservation of functional genetic diversity in crops and their wild

relatives

  • Invest more in knowledge and applications of natural recourses (breeding)