Beyond the visual. The acoustjc reconstructjon and simulatjon of ancient senate sessions Dr. des. Christj tjan Fron University of Stutugart Department of ancient history Abteilung Alte Geschichte 06. January 2016
Introductj tjon
outline 1. short introductjon 2. the curia Iulia as research project 3. An acoustjc simulatjon: our approach 4. results and further questjons
the curia Iulia as research project • 52 BC: The senate building burns and P. Clodius Pulcher with it. • By no later than 45/44 BC and in the context of the constructjon of the Forum Iulium a new Curia is enacted. • 29 BC: The curia Iulia is dedicated by Octavian, the later Augustus.
the curia Iulia as research project
the curia Iulia as research project
the curia Iulia as research project
the curia Iulia as research project “1. The treasury, prison, and senate house ought to adjoin the forum, but in such a way that their dimensions may be proportjonate to those of the forum. Partjcularly, the senate house should be constructed with special regard to the importance of the town or city. If the building is square, let its height be fjxed at one and one half tjmes its breadth; but if it is to be oblong, add together its length and breadth and, having got the total, let half of it be devoted to the height up to the cofgered ceiling. 2. Further, the inside walls should be girdled, at a point halfway up their height, with coronae made of woodwork or of stucco. Without these, the voice of men engaged in discussion there will be carried up to the height above, and so be unintelligible to their listeners. But when the walls are girdled with coronae, the voice from below, being detained before rising and becoming lost in the air, will be intelligible to the ear.” (Vitr. 5,2,1f.)
the curia Iulia as research project [17,75 m (w) + 25,63 m (l)]/2 = 21, 69 m (height according to Vitruvius). approximate real height: 23,40 m
outline 1. short introductjon 2. the curia Iulia as research project 3. An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach 4. results and further questjons
An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach htup://www.odeon.dk/ htup ://www.odeon.dk/archaeological-acoustjcs-open-theat re#
An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach
refmexion of sound sound wave barrier (f.i. wall) 13
absorption of sound (decreased refmexion of sound) barrier (f.i. wall) 14
transmission of sound (sound absorbtion) barrier (f.i. wall) 15
refmexion + transmission f.i. window lower frequencies higher frequencies 16
An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach view inside of the Curia 1: benches 2: entrance 3: niches 4: cornices 5: windows 6: cofgered ceiling 7: open space before the door
An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach Absorption coefficients 0.96 0.8 0.64 Alpha 0.48 0.32 0.16 63 125 250 500 2000 8000 Frequency (Hz)
An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach Speaker P (cross) P1: podium (active) P2: groundlevel aisle P3: fjrst step audience (blue points) M1: Podium M2: in front on fjrst step M3: middle on fjrst step M4: middle on groundlevel M8: in a corner M5: 1 m in front of the door M6: 4 m in front of the door M7: 8 m in front of the door
outline 1. short introductjon 2. the curia Iulia as research project 3. An acoustjc simulatjon: our approach 4. results and further questj tjons
results and further questj tjons Situatj tjon resp. Sound pressure p Sound pressure L p distance Sound source in Pascal in Dezibel Disco 1 m 2 Pa 110 dB Hearing damage if ear ab 0,36 Pa 80 dB heard for a longer tj tjme Main road 10 m 0,2 – 0,63 Pa 75 dB TV 1 m 0,02 Pa 70 dB Dialoge partner (normal 1 m 2 · 10 −3 – 2 · 10 −2 Pa 55 dB conversatj tjon) 2 · 10 −4 – 6,3 · 10 −4 Very quiet room ear 45 dB Pa breathing ear 6,32 · 10 −5 Pa 10 dB
results and further questj tjons Redner P1 (emperor, red cross): ca. 56 dB (A) on 1 m Ist: actual state; door closed. With cornices OG: without cornices; door closed. TO: door opened; with cornices. Pos. SPL dB (A) STI 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Ist/OG/TO Ist/OG/TO 4 1 P2 P1 P1 P1 P1 7 6 5 M1 64.6/64.6/64.6 0.85/0.86/0.86 M2 53.1/53.0/52.9 0.52/0.51/0.52 P3 2 M3 53.1/51.2/50.9 0.46/0.45/0.47 8 M4 51.6/51.4/51.4 0.37/0.35/0.37 M8 51.1/51.5/50.3 0.50/0.45/0.45 M5 (1m) - / - /46.8 - / - /0.40 M6 (4m) - / - /43.1 - / - /0.38 M7 (8m) - / - /39.3 - / - /0.38 average 0.46/0.44/0.45
results and further questj tjons Speaker P2 (red cross): ca. 56 dB (A) bei 1 m Ist: actual state; door closed. With cornices OG: without cornices; door closed. TO: door opened; with cornices. Pos. SPL dB (A) STI 3 Ist/OG/TO Ist/OG/TO 4 1 7 6 5 P2 P2 M1 54.8/54.5/55.0 0.56/0.57/0.55 M2 57.4/57.2/57.3 0.66/0.68/0.67 2 M3 51.2/51.1/50.9 0.41/0.38/0.42 8 M4 53.2/53.0/52.9 0.46/0.46/0.47 M8 50.7/50.8/50.8 0.44/0.41/0.51 M5 (1m) - / - /47.0 - / - /0.42 M6 (4m) - / - /43.5 - / - /0.41 M7 (8m) - / - /39.0 - / - /0.39 average 0.51/0.50/0.52
results and further questj tjons Speaker P3 (red cross): ca. 56 dB (A) bei 1 m Ist: actual state; door closed. With cornices OG: without cornices; door closed. TO: door opened; with cornices. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 7 6 5 P2 P1 Pos. SPL dB (A) STI Ist/OG/TO Ist/OG/TO P3 P3 P3 P3 2 M1 51.9/51.9/51.8 0.45/0.43/0.45 8 M2 52.5/52.4/52.4 0.50/0.49/0.51 M3 53.3/53.2/53.0 0.52/0.52/0.53 M4 54.7/54.7/54.5 0.59/0.59/0.6 M8 51.4/51.5/51.2 0.46/0.45/0.46 M5 (1m) - / - /47.2 - / - /0.43 M6 (4m) - / - /43.9 - / - /0.46 M7 (8m) - / - /41.4 - / - /0.52 average 0.50/0.49/0.51
results and further questj tjons speaker 2 listener 1 (emperor), Free fjeld P1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P2 P2 P2 P2 2 4 3 P3 8 5 6 7 emperor
Thank you very much for your atu tuentj tjon.
Thank you very much for your atu tuentj tjon. Reference: • Background: modifjcatjon of the fresco of Cesare Maccari „Cicéron dénonce Catjlina“ • Slide 2: htup:// www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-8-0201_JKLMNO_Curia-Iulia_Kontext.jpg • Slide 4: htup:// www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/7-Phase-G_Sp%C3%A4te-Republik-I_Draufsicht.jpg and htup://www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/7-Phase-L_Augusteisch-II_Draufsicht.jpg • Slide 5: htup:// www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-10-0201_EFGH_Curia-Hostjlia_isometrisch.jpg and htup://www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-11-0201_I_Curia-Cornelia_isometrisch.jpg and htup:// www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-12-0202_JKLMNO_Curia-Iulia_isometrisch.jpg and htup:// www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-13-0202_PQRS_Curia-Diocletjani_isometrisch.jpg • Slide 6: htup://www.acsearch.info/image.html?id=1713375 • Slide 7:htup:// dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum/assets/media/reconstructjons/CuriaIulia_1/CuriaIulia_1_Inside_HiRes.jpg and htup://www.jeffcondono.com/TouristInRome/RomeImages/IMG_1592-IMG_1595-20131006.jpg and image by google earth
Thank you very much for your atu tuentj tjon. Reference: • Slide 9: htup://farm8.statjcfmickr.com/7102/7356011222_724dc4d7a4_b.jpg • Slde 11: Odeon-Model of the Curia Iulia from the Fraunhofer Instjtute of building physics and acoustjcs by Xiaoru Zhou • Slide 12: Google SketchUp model of the Forum Romanum from the Fraunhofer Instjtute of building physics and acoustjcs by Xiaoru Zhou • Slide 13-16: Slides by Prof. Dr. Philip Leistner • Slide 17: Odeon-Model of the Curia Iulia from the Fraunhofer Instjtute of building physics and acoustjcs by Xiaoru Zhou • Slide 19: Odeon-Model of the Curia Iulia from the Fraunhofer Instjtute of building physics and acoustjcs by Xiaoru Zhou • Slide 21: htup://www.welt.de/print-welt/artjcle334313/Vom-Ticken-der-Uhr-bis-zum-Presslufuhammer.html and htup:// www.fohonline.com/images/stories/15/02/current-foh/techfeature/intelligibility%20scale.jpg • Slide 22-25: Additjonal Model and acoustjc simulatjons from from the Fraunhofer Instjtute of building physics and acoustjcs by Xiaoru Zhou
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