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Beyond the visual. The acoustjc reconstructjon and simulatjon of ancient senate sessions Dr. des. Christj tjan Fron University of Stutugart Department of ancient history Abteilung Alte Geschichte 06. January 2016 Introductj tjon outline

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Beyond the visual. The acoustjc reconstructjon and simulatjon of ancient senate sessions

  • Dr. des. Christj

tjan Fron University of Stutugart

Department of ancient history Abteilung Alte Geschichte

  • 06. January 2016
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Introductj tjon

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  • utline

1. short introductjon 2. the curia Iulia as research project 3. An acoustjc simulatjon: our approach 4. results and further questjons

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the curia Iulia as research project

  • 52 BC: The senate building burns and P. Clodius Pulcher with it.
  • By no later than 45/44 BC and in the context of the constructjon of the Forum Iulium a

new Curia is enacted.

  • 29 BC: The curia Iulia is dedicated by Octavian, the later Augustus.
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the curia Iulia as research project

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the curia Iulia as research project

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the curia Iulia as research project

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the curia Iulia as research project

“1. The treasury, prison, and senate house ought to adjoin the forum, but in such a way that their dimensions may be proportjonate to those of the forum. Partjcularly, the senate house should be constructed with special regard to the importance of the town or city. If the building is square, let its height be fjxed at one and one half tjmes its breadth; but if it is to be oblong, add together its length and breadth and, having got the total, let half of it be devoted to the height up to the cofgered ceiling.

  • 2. Further, the inside walls should be girdled, at a point halfway up

their height, with coronae made of woodwork or of stucco. Without these, the voice of men engaged in discussion there will be carried up to the height above, and so be unintelligible to their

  • listeners. But when the walls are girdled with coronae, the voice

from below, being detained before rising and becoming lost in the air, will be intelligible to the ear.” (Vitr. 5,2,1f.)

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the curia Iulia as research project [17,75 m (w) + 25,63 m (l)]/2 = 21, 69 m (height according to Vitruvius). approximate real height: 23,40 m

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  • utline

1. short introductjon 2. the curia Iulia as research project 3. An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach 4. results and further questjons

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An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach htup://www.odeon.dk/ htup ://www.odeon.dk/archaeological-acoustjcs-open-theat re#

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An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach

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refmexion of sound barrier (f.i. wall) sound wave

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absorption of sound (decreased refmexion of sound) barrier (f.i. wall)

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transmission of sound (sound absorbtion) barrier (f.i. wall)

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refmexion + transmission f.i. window lower frequencies higher frequencies

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An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach

 view inside of the Curia  1: benches  2: entrance  3: niches  4: cornices  5: windows  6: cofgered ceiling  7: open space before the door

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An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach

Absorption coefficients Frequency (Hz) 63 125 250 500 2000 8000 Alpha 0.96 0.8 0.64 0.48 0.32 0.16

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An acoustj tjc simulatj tjon: our approach

 Speaker P (cross)  P1: podium (active)  P2: groundlevel aisle  P3: fjrst step  audience (blue points)  M1: Podium  M2: in front on fjrst step  M3: middle on fjrst step  M4: middle on groundlevel  M8: in a corner  M5: 1 m in front of the door  M6: 4 m in front of the door  M7: 8 m in front of the door

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  • utline

1. short introductjon 2. the curia Iulia as research project 3. An acoustjc simulatjon: our approach 4. results and further questj tjons

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results and further questj tjons

Situatj tjon resp. Sound source distance Sound pressure p in Pascal Sound pressure Lp in Dezibel Disco 1 m 2 Pa 110 dB Hearing damage if heard for a longer tj tjme ear ab 0,36 Pa 80 dB Main road 10 m 0,2 – 0,63 Pa 75 dB TV 1 m 0,02 Pa 70 dB Dialoge partner (normal conversatj tjon) 1 m 2 · 10−3 – 2 · 10−2 Pa 55 dB Very quiet room ear 2 · 10−4 – 6,3 · 10−4 Pa 45 dB breathing ear 6,32 · 10−5 Pa 10 dB

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results and further questj tjons

Redner P1 (emperor, red cross): ca. 56 dB (A) on 1 m  Ist: actual state; door closed. With cornices  OG: without cornices; door closed.  TO: door opened; with cornices. Pos. SPL dB (A) Ist/OG/TO STI Ist/OG/TO M1 64.6/64.6/64.6 0.85/0.86/0.86 M2 53.1/53.0/52.9 0.52/0.51/0.52 M3 53.1/51.2/50.9 0.46/0.45/0.47 M4 51.6/51.4/51.4 0.37/0.35/0.37 M8 51.1/51.5/50.3 0.50/0.45/0.45 M5 (1m)

  • / - /46.8
  • / - /0.40

M6 (4m)

  • / - /43.1
  • / - /0.38

M7 (8m)

  • / - /39.3
  • / - /0.38

average 0.46/0.44/0.45

P1 P1 P2 P3 P1 1 3 2 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 P1

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results and further questj tjons

 Speaker P2 (red cross): ca. 56 dB (A) bei 1 m  Ist: actual state; door closed. With cornices  OG: without cornices; door closed.  TO: door opened; with cornices. Pos. SPL dB (A) Ist/OG/TO STI Ist/OG/TO M1 54.8/54.5/55.0 0.56/0.57/0.55 M2 57.4/57.2/57.3 0.66/0.68/0.67 M3 51.2/51.1/50.9 0.41/0.38/0.42 M4 53.2/53.0/52.9 0.46/0.46/0.47 M8 50.7/50.8/50.8 0.44/0.41/0.51 M5 (1m)

  • / - /47.0
  • / - /0.42

M6 (4m)

  • / - /43.5
  • / - /0.41

M7 (8m)

  • / - /39.0
  • / - /0.39

average 0.51/0.50/0.52

P2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 P2

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results and further questj tjons

Speaker P3 (red cross): ca. 56 dB (A) bei 1 m  Ist: actual state; door closed. With cornices  OG: without cornices; door closed.  TO: door opened; with cornices. Pos. SPL dB (A) Ist/OG/TO STI Ist/OG/TO M1 51.9/51.9/51.8 0.45/0.43/0.45 M2 52.5/52.4/52.4 0.50/0.49/0.51 M3 53.3/53.2/53.0 0.52/0.52/0.53 M4 54.7/54.7/54.5 0.59/0.59/0.6 M8 51.4/51.5/51.2 0.46/0.45/0.46 M5 (1m)

  • / - /47.2
  • / - /0.43

M6 (4m)

  • / - /43.9
  • / - /0.46

M7 (8m)

  • / - /41.4
  • / - /0.52

average 0.50/0.49/0.51

P3 P1 P2 P3 P3 1 3 2 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 P3

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results and further questj tjons

 speaker 2  listener 1 (emperor),  Free fjeld  emperor

P2 P1 P2 P3 P2 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 P2

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Thank you very much for your atu tuentj tjon.

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Thank you very much for your atu tuentj tjon.

Reference:

  • Background: modifjcatjon of the fresco of Cesare Maccari „Cicéron dénonce Catjlina“
  • Slide 2: htup://

www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-8-0201_JKLMNO_Curia-Iulia_Kontext.jpg

  • Slide 4: htup://

www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/7-Phase-G_Sp%C3%A4te-Republik-I_Draufsicht.jpg and htup://www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/7-Phase-L_Augusteisch-II_Draufsicht.jpg

  • Slide 5: htup://

www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-10-0201_EFGH_Curia-Hostjlia_isometrisch.jpg and htup://www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-11-0201_I_Curia-Cornelia_isometrisch.jpg and htup:// www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-12-0202_JKLMNO_Curia-Iulia_isometrisch.jpg and htup:// www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-13-0202_PQRS_Curia-Diocletjani_isometrisch.jpg

  • Slide 6:

htup://www.acsearch.info/image.html?id=1713375

  • Slide 7:htup://

dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum/assets/media/reconstructjons/CuriaIulia_1/CuriaIulia_1_Inside_HiRes.jpg and htup://www.jeffcondono.com/TouristInRome/RomeImages/IMG_1592-IMG_1595-20131006.jpg and image by google earth

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Thank you very much for your atu tuentj tjon.

Reference:

  • Slide 9:

htup://farm8.statjcfmickr.com/7102/7356011222_724dc4d7a4_b.jpg

  • Slde 11:

Odeon-Model of the Curia Iulia from the Fraunhofer Instjtute of building physics and acoustjcs by Xiaoru Zhou

  • Slide 12:

Google SketchUp model of the Forum Romanum from the Fraunhofer Instjtute of building physics and acoustjcs by Xiaoru Zhou

  • Slide 13-16:

Slides by Prof. Dr. Philip Leistner

  • Slide 17:

Odeon-Model of the Curia Iulia from the Fraunhofer Instjtute of building physics and acoustjcs by Xiaoru Zhou

  • Slide 19:

Odeon-Model of the Curia Iulia from the Fraunhofer Instjtute of building physics and acoustjcs by Xiaoru Zhou

  • Slide 21:

htup://www.welt.de/print-welt/artjcle334313/Vom-Ticken-der-Uhr-bis-zum-Presslufuhammer.html and htup:// www.fohonline.com/images/stories/15/02/current-foh/techfeature/intelligibility%20scale.jpg

  • Slide 22-25:

Additjonal Model and acoustjc simulatjons from from the Fraunhofer Instjtute of building physics and acoustjcs by Xiaoru Zhou