Beyond Power Capping Coping with the Complexity of the German - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
beyond power capping
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Beyond Power Capping Coping with the Complexity of the German - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 10, 2022 114 likes •363 views

Beyond Power Capping Coping with the Complexity of the German Electricity Market Dagstuhl Seminar Dark Silicon: From Embedded to HPC Systems Axel Auweter Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Beyond Power Capping

Coping with the Complexity of the German Electricity Market

Axel Auweter Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities Dagstuhl Seminar “Dark Silicon: From Embedded to HPC Systems”

slide-2
SLIDE 2

SuperMUC

  • Phase 1 (2012)
  • 9216 nodes (Sandy Bridge)
  • 3.2 PFlops peak
  • Phase 2 (2015)
  • 3072 nodes (Haswell)
  • 3.2 PFlops peak
  • Approx 5MW Power
slide-3
SLIDE 3

Electricity Cost (€ Cent / kWh) 4 8 12 16 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

15,37 15,02 14,33 14,04 12,07 11,4 13,25 11,41 11,53 9,73 8,92 7,98 6,86 6,47 6,05 8,86 9,34

Average electricity costs for German industrial customers consuming up to 20.000 MWh / year. Source: BDEW Strompreisanalyse 2014

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Electricity Cost (€ Cent / kWh) 4 8 12 16 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

15,37 15,02 14,33 14,04 12,07 11,4 13,25 11,41 11,53 9,73 8,92 7,98 6,86 6,47 6,05 8,86 9,34

Average electricity costs for German industrial customers consuming up to 20.000 MWh / year. Source: BDEW Strompreisanalyse 2014

Production & Transmission Costs

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Power to the Customer

Production Transmission Consumption Government Provider

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Production vs. Demand

  • Power needs to be produced at the time when it is consumed
  • 50 Hz utility frequency serves as controlled variable
  • Varying response speeds depending on type of power plant

min power: 50-60%

  • max. change rate: ~4% / min

min power: 40-50%

  • max. change rate: ~3% / min

min power: 40-50%

  • max. change rate: ~10% / min
slide-7
SLIDE 7

Electricity Transmission

  • 4 separate High Voltage Networks (380kV)
  • Providers ensure frequency stability through:
  • Collecting next-day plans from producers/

consumers (15 minute intervals)

  • Balancing between deviations from the

next-day plans

  • Cross-zone balancing coordinated by

Amprion

Image Source: wikipedia

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Electricity Transmission

  • Many Medium Voltage (10-30kV)

networks across Germany

  • Operators load-balance internally and

with the 4 High Voltage Networks

  • 3-fold action plan when deviations

cannot be load-balanced across the networks:

  • Primary Control Power (seconds)
  • Secondary Control Power (5 minutes)
  • Minute Reserve (15 minutes)
slide-9
SLIDE 9

Market for Electrical Energy

  • Based on 15-minute intervals
  • Over-the-Counter (OTC)

Market

  • Open Market
  • Spot / Future / Option Market
  • EEX (Leipzig) / EPEX (Paris)
  • Indices (Phelix)

Nevertheless: customers always deal with one company as the “provider” of their electrical energy! Providers typically offer pricing schemes that enable customers to procure their power on these open markets…

slide-10
SLIDE 10

Cost Breakdown

Production (EEX) Electricity Tax Co-Generation Levy Renewables Energy Levy §19 StromNEV Levy Offshore Levy Interruptible Loads Levy Concession Levy Network Service Fee Network Usage Fee

0.60 1.60 0.11 0.01 0.05 0.05 6.24 0.06 2.05 4.00

Electricity Costs in ct/kWh. Assuming an average annual consumption of 2.3 MW, year 2014.

✓ !

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Electricity Tax - “Stromsteuer”

  • Introduced 1999
  • Taxes every use of electrical energy (2.05 ct/kWh)
  • Official reasoning: “Increase energy prices to encourage investments

in energy efficiency.”

  • Use of the tax money: support statutory pension insurance
  • Exemptions:
  • Electricity when consumed from a distinct grid solely powered by renewables
  • Producing companies can offset fees for the statutory pension insurance
  • Electrolytic applications - production of glass, brick, cement - metallurgy - …
  • …
slide-12
SLIDE 12

Renewables & Co-Generation Levy

  • Introduced 2000 (Renewables), 2002 (Co-Generation)
  • Power from wind, solar and co-generation sources is preferred into the grid
  • Owners of power plants receive a fixed, subsidized amount per kWh to

encourage investments in wind, solar, and co-generation plants

  • Costs for this subsidy are paid by the consumers

EEG-Umlage, KWK-Umlage

ct / kWh 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Co-Gen Levy (Up to 100.000 kWh/y) Co-Gen Levy (From 100.000 kWh/y) Co-Gen Levy (From 100.000 kWh/y - exempt industries)

ct / kWh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Renewables Levy

slide-13
SLIDE 13

Electricity Costs in ct/kWh. Assuming an average annual consumption of 2.3 MW, year 2014.

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

0.60 1.60 0.11 0.01 0.05 0.05 6.24 0.06 2.05 4.00

Production (EEX) Electricity Tax Co-Generation Levy Renewables Energy Levy §19 StromNEV Levy Offshore Levy Interruptible Loads Levy Concession Levy Network Service Fee Network Usage Fee

Cost Breakdown

!

slide-14
SLIDE 14

Offshore Levy - “Offshore-Umlage”

Image Source: energy transition.de

slide-15
SLIDE 15

Offshore Levy - “Offshore-Umlage”

Transmission Network Operator

“Laying the cable to connect the offshore plants is high risk: What if the wind parks are delayed?”

Wind Power Company

“We are not going to invest if the timely connection to the grid is not ensured!”

Government

“Okay, we’ll set up an insurance for network operators to cover loss of profits in case of delayed

  • ffshore wind power deployments.”
slide-16
SLIDE 16

Electricity Costs in ct/kWh. Assuming an average annual consumption of 2.3 MW, year 2014.

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

0.60 1.60 0.11 0.01 0.05 0.05 6.24 0.06 2.05 4.00

Production (EEX) Electricity Tax Co-Generation Levy Renewables Energy Levy §19 StromNEV Levy Offshore Levy Interruptible Loads Levy Concession Levy Network Service Fee Network Usage Fee

Cost Breakdown

!

slide-17
SLIDE 17

Interruptible Loads Levy

  • Consumers > 50MW may arrange for interrupting their load upon

demand of the network operator

  • In return, these consumers get paid a base + working fee!

Some recent start-up companies try to combine multiple smaller consumers to overcome the 50MW initial hurdle! e.g. www.enernoc.com For HPC Centers:

  • High write-down costs
  • f hardware!
  • Killing jobs = extra

energy for restart!

  • Suspend/Resume

anyone?

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Electricity Costs in ct/kWh. Assuming an average annual consumption of 2.3 MW, year 2014.

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ !

0.60 1.60 0.11 0.01 0.05 0.05 6.24 0.06 2.05 4.00

Production (EEX) Electricity Tax Co-Generation Levy Renewables Energy Levy §19 StromNEV Levy Offshore Levy Interruptible Loads Levy Concession Levy Network Service Fee Network Usage Fee

Cost Breakdown

!

slide-19
SLIDE 19

Network Fees - “Netzentgelte”

  • The actual revenue of your grid provider!
  • Based on:
  • Connection point (lower voltage - higher cost)
  • Max. 15-min average power consumption in the year
  • Annual utilization time
  • Actual consumption
  • Service Fee / Usage Fee
slide-20
SLIDE 20

Network Fees - “Netzentgelte”

  • The actual revenue of your grid provider!
  • Based on:
  • Connection point (lower voltage - higher cost)
  • Max. 15-min average power consumption in the year
  • Annual utilization time
  • Actual consumption
  • Service Fee / Usage Fee

Example HPC Center Average Power Consumption: 2.3MW Annual Energy Consumption: 201.48 GWh HPL Power Consumption: 3.5MW Annual utilisation time: 201.48 GWh 3.5 MW = 5757 h

Network Fees

Utilisation Time < 2500 h / y Point of Service Service Fee: € / (kW * y) Utilisation Fee: ct / kWh Medium Voltage Switching Station 8.96 2.62 Medium Voltage 10.13 3.88 Low Voltage Switching Station 10.31 4.06 Low Voltage 10.82 4.15 Utilisation Time > 2500 h / y Point of Service Service Fee: € / (kW * y) Utilisation Fee: ct / kWh Medium Voltage Switching Station 68.29 0.24 Medium Voltage 92.04 0.60 Low Voltage Switching Station 97.82 0.56 Low Voltage 80.02 1.38

322,140 € (Service Fee) 120,888 € (Usage Fee)

slide-21
SLIDE 21

0.60 1.60 0.11 0.01 0.05 0.05 6.24 0.06 2.05 4.00

Production (EEX) Electricity Tax Co-Generation Levy Renewables Energy Levy §19 StromNEV Levy Offshore Levy Interruptible Loads Levy Concession Levy Network Service Fee Network Usage Fee

Electricity Costs in ct/kWh. Assuming an average annual consumption of 2.3 MW, year 2014.

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ! ! + 19% VAT

Cost Breakdown

!

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Recommendations

  • Continue your energy savings efforts!
  • Try to buy your electricity on the market!
  • Keep an eye at the market for interruptible load schemes!
  • Work towards a flat load profile / avoid peaks!
  • Move your data center to a different country?!? :-)
  • Consider talking to politicians…
slide-23
SLIDE 23