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aqueducts Court • Structures used to transport water above ground
paterfamilias Court • Roman family head
Caesar Augustus Court • Rome’s first emperor
Roman Empire Court • Rome’s government following 31 BC
Julius Caesar Court • General who becomes dictator of Rome
Carthage Court • Phoenician city state in North Africa
Punic Wars Court • Wars between Rome and Carthage
Patrician Court • Roman Upper class
plebian Court • Roman lower class
Roman Republic Court • Rome’s government prior to 31 BC
Romans Court • People who establish their homeland in central Italy
Republic Court • Government through elected representatives
Patricians Court • Wealthy landowners of Rome
Plebeians Court • “Lower” class of Rome
Etruscans Court • People whose kings ruled early Rome
Livy Court • Famous historian from Rome
Hannibal Court • General who fought for Carthage during the 2 nd Punic War
Rome Court • City-state that became the dominant force in Europe
Sicily Court • Island which Rome and Carthage fought over in the 1 st Punic War
Carthage Court • Phoenician city-state which was the rival of Rome
Alps Court • Mountain Range north of Italy
Crassus Court • Richest man in Rome
Pompey Court • “the Great”; fought Julius Ceasar for control of Rome
Julius Caesar Court • Defeated Pompey and became dictator
Octavian Court • Nephew of Julius Caesar who becomes the first Emperor of Rome
Anthony Court • Defeated by Octavian in the fight for control of Rome
Augustus Court • Octavian’s new name and title
Nero Court • Famous degenerate emperor
Rubicon River Court • River that Julius Caesar crosses into Italy
triumvirate Court • Three man rule
dictator Court • One man who grabs power through violent means
Imperator Court • Man worthy of leading the legions.
paterfamilias Court • Male head of a Roman family
Virgil Court • Roman poet who wrote the Aenid
Horace Court • Roman poet who wrote the “Odes”
Spartacus Court • Roman slave who led a revolt
insulae Court • Large apartment buildings for lower class Romans
procurator Court • Governor of small Roman provinces
New Testament Court • Part of the Bible that covers the life and teachings of Jesus and his followers
clergy Court • A member of formal religious leadership
laity Court • A person of a religion who is not a member of the clergy
Jesus Court • Founder of Christianity
Peter Court • Jesus’ primary apostle
Paul of Tarsus Court • Roman who converts to Christianity and preaches to non-jews
Constantine Court • First Roman emperor who becomes Christian
Theodosius Court • Declares Christianity the Roman state religion
Judea Court • Province of Rome from where Jesus was from
Jerusalem Court • Capital of Judea
Aegean Sea Court • Sea between Greece and Anatolia
plague Court • Serious illness which affects a large population
inflation Court • The cost of goods rise faster than the income of the people
Diocletian Court • Late Roman emperor who is known for his reforms and persecutions
Huns Court • Horseman who threaten the Roman empire. Led by Attila
Vandals Court • Germans known for their raiding and destruction
Visigoths Court • Germans who overthrow the Roman Empire formally
Romulus Augustulus Court • Last Roman Emperor
What role did geography play in the prosperity and defensibility of Rome? Court • Rome was located about 18 miles (29 km) inland on the Tiber River, giving it access to the sea while being far enough inland to be safe from pirates. It was built on seven hills, so it was easily defended. It was situated where the Tiber could be easily crossed, becoming a crossing point for north-south traffic.
How did the Romans gain support for their empire? Court • They made it clear that loyal allies could improve their status and even become Roman citizens, giving conquered peoples the feeling that they had a stake in Rome’s success.
How did the differences between plebeians and patricians prevent Rome from becoming Court a true democracy? • Originally, only patricians could be elected to government office, and only patricians could serve in the Senate. The centuriate assembly, which elected the chief officials, was organized by classes based on wealth, and the wealthiest citizens always had a majority.
What is the historical and cultural significance of the Roman destruction of Court Carthage? • Probably the greatest significance is the fact that the Romans destroyed Carthage and dispersed its inhabitants by selling them into slavery.
What was the sequence of events that led to the deaths of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus? Court • They urged the council of the plebs to pass land-reform bills that called for the government to take back public land held by large landowners and give it to landless Romans. This angered many senators, who were large landowners, and they killed both brothers. This opened the door to further instability and violence.
Explain the consequences of Sulla’s actions, especially his eliminating the power of the Court popular assemblies. • By crushing the power of the popular assemblies—which represented the majority of Roman citizens— and restoring it to the Senate, he stifled representative government. And his example of using his army to seize power further destabilized Rome and set an example for future ambitious men.
How did Caesar weaken the power of the Senate? Court • He increased the number of members and filled it with many of his supporters.
Why did the Roman defeat in Germany devastate Augustus? Court • His power was based largely on his control of the army, and his loss proved that his power was not unlimited.
What were the economic conditions and chief occupations in Rome during the Early Court Empire? • It was a period of much prosperity, with internal peace leading to high levels of trade. However, there was a large gulf between the wealthy and the poor, which led to government handouts of grain. Farming remained the chief occupation, but trade and commerce were also important.
Why were the Romans able to construct buildings larger than those of the Greeks? Court • They used concrete and had new architectural forms.
Why are the works of Livy considered to be so invaluable to historians? Court • He traced the history of Rome from its foundation to 9 B.C.
How were expectations for Roman boys and girls different? Court • Roman boys were educated and prepared to be soldiers. Girls were prepared for marriage.
What jobs did the Romans assign to slaves Court • Slaves worked on farms and as household servants. Greek slaves were in demand as tutors, musicians, doctors, artists, shop assistants, and craftspeople. Slaves also built roads and public buildings.
Why did the Roman emperors provide free grain and entertainments to the poor? Court • To keep them from focusing on how poor they were
How were religion and government connected in the Roman Court Empire? • Emperors were often made gods. The Romans believed that the observation of proper ritual guaranteed peace and prosperity, and that their success in creating their empire was due to favor from the gods.
Why did the Roman authorities fear Jesus? Court • Authorities saw him as a potential revolutionary who might lead Jews into another revolt against Rome.
Why and how did the Christian church become more organized in the second and Court third centuries? • Fear of persecution meant that only the most committed individuals would choose to follow Christianity. Bishops began to assume more control over church communities, and the clergy developed distinct functions from the laity.
Describe the economic and social conditions in the Roman Empire prior to Diocletian and Court Constantine. • The empire was close to collapse. Its leadership was under continual transition, it faced invasions and badly needed an army, and its finances were in a shambles—making it even more difficult to fund the army or other solutions.
Which groups invaded the Western Roman Empire? Court • Germanic tribes—the Visigoths and Vandals
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