AVIAN INFLUENZA IN BIRDS PRESENTER BY P.K.KUBAI CLINICIAN/MPH - - PDF document

AVIAN INFLUENZA IN BIRDS

PRESENTER BY P.K.KUBAI CLINICIAN/MPH EXPERT

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What is avian influenza?

n A highly contagious viral infection,

primarily in bird species

n Clinically, signs range from inapparent

to a rapidly fatal condition characterized by gastrointestinal, respiratory and/or nervous signs in chickens and turkeys

n Previously (1955), was known as: n Previously (1955), was known as:

n Virulent avian influenza, or n Fowl plague

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What is avian influenza?

n Avian= bird

Influenza=flu

n The World Organisation for Animal

Health (OIE) lists the disease as Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) caused by H5N1 and the Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI)— Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI)— caused by H5 and N7 virus subtypes

n Collectively, these diseases are

Notifiable

n The disease is of public health

importance because it occasionally causes fatal disease in humans

n Currently, the disease infects man

through contact with sick birds

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What virus causes avian influenza?

AI viruses are of 3 types-A, B and C

n Type A- affects many animals, birds

and humans-causes severe disease

• very many subtypes (H1-16, N1-

9)

n Type B-primarily human, less severe,

less common less common

• only one type

n Type C- also affects humans and a few

animals

• can be severe
• least frequent among the three

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Influenza A viruses

n Only influenza type A viruses have

been isolated from bird species

n Influenza A viruses are further

divided into subtypes determined by haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens.

n 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes n 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes

have been identified. Previously the scare was of an outbreak caused by H5N1

n Viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes are

known to cause the highly pathogenic form

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Changing virus

n Bird flu virus now infecting many hosts

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What birds are affected?

n Wild water fowl are natural

reservoirs of influenza A viruses. Known to carry H5 and H7 in low pathogenic form

n Domestic fowl, ducks, geese,

turkeys, guinea fowl and quail turkeys, guinea fowl and quail are all susceptible

n Disease is severest in domestic

fowl (chicken)

n Virus is found in very high

concentrations in faeces and nasal discharges

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Signs in birds

n Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

(LPAI) - common

n Signs are very mild and may be

missed unless there is routine checking for influenza viruses

n Ruffled feathers n Drop in egg production n Drop in egg production n Mild effects on the respiratory system n Low mortality

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Signs in birds

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI):

n Dramatic onset in chicken n Chicken are well one moment,

and dead in a few hours

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n

HPAI – less common

n Sudden onset; n Rapid spread; n High mortality ~

100% within 48 hrs.

n

High fever; Respiratory problems— gasping, cough;

n

Neurological signs—twisted necks and ataxia;

n

Watery diarrhoea.

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n M any organs are

affected;

n have ruffled

feathers;

n

very thirsty;

n

swollen faces and necks.

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n

Hemorrhages—in all organs and can be seen on exposed skin

n

Combs and wattles are swollen and cyanotic

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How is the disease spread in birds?

n Internationally

n Importation of infected poultry and

poultry products

n Migratory birds – infect wild water

fowl at water points, these then infect domestic poultry infect domestic poultry

n Movement of contaminated

equipment, packaging, feed

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How is the disease spread?

n Within a Country

n Movement of infected poultry and

poultry products & contaminated equipment from one place to another

n Live bird markets

n Between Flocks

n Movement of farm workers, egg

cartons and trucks from infected farm to non infected farms, homes

n Within a Flock

n Direct and indirect contact n Airborne transmission

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How is the disease spread?

Poultry to Humans

n Direct and indirect contact with

infected poultry and contaminated objects

n Living in close contact with

poultry poses high risk

n Sale/slaughter and consumption

birds when signs of illness appear in a flock (common practice in the rural areas).

n This poses a very high risk especially

during slaughter, de-feathering and preparation for cooking

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Where is the disease

n In S. East Asia- now endemic-

these countries produce a lot of chicken

n Was reported in other countries

such as turkey

n In Africa, the disease in birds n In Africa, the disease in birds

was reported in West Africa- Nigeria, Sudan, Djibouti and keeps rearing its head now & again in Egypt

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Socioeconomic impact of bird flu

n Apart from the risk of infection

spreading to people, there is massive losses of chicken as result

• f the disease and

n as a control measure- once a

disease is reported in an area, all disease is reported in an area, all chicken within the neighbourhood (3km radius are killed and buried or burnt)

n Fear in the general public – shy from

buying or eating chicken- loss of jobs for those in the poultry industry

n Loss of income, food for the family-

poverty, hunger

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Preventive measures in place

n HPAI made a notifiable disease in

Kenya (1996)

n Importation of poultry and poultry

products from affected countries was banned (1998)

n Animal, health professionals & the n Animal, health professionals & the

public have been sensitized

n Active surveillance in wild birds and

passive surveillance in domestic poultry on-going

n Emergency response teams in

place- both in human and animal health

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Preventive measures in place

n Laboratory reagents- can now

diagnose avian influenza. HPAI has not been detected in Kenya

n Protective clothing – for staff

undertaking surveillance and distributed to regional laboratories distributed to regional laboratories

n Collaborating with other institutions

locally through the task force and also internationally

n National action plan has been

prepared and is in use

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Surveillance

n Inspection of live bird markets

and/or abattoirs

n Monitor water points for sick and

dead birds

n Attending to all reported cases n Attending to all reported cases

• f sick or dead birds

n Being extra vigilant at all ports of

entry

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Awareness creation

n Put all staff on high alert n Create awareness in all stakeholders—use all

available fora e.g. barazas, church, services, mosques, public functions, meetings

n Messages to include:

n Disease and its symptoms; n Reporting all suspicious cases to nearest n Reporting all suspicious cases to nearest

vet office; Avoid living in close contact with birds;

n

Minimize visitors to poultry houses;

n Avoid raising different poultry species

together; Ensure biosecurity (hygiene); Do not eat sick or dead birds;

n Observe hygiene at all times; and Cook

your chicken well.

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Reporting

n All animal health workers should

make weekly reports on avian influenza activities undertaken

n Officers should submit zero reports n District Veterinary officers (DVOs)

submit weekly epidemiological submit weekly epidemiological reports to Epidemiology Unit

n A rumour register MUST be

maintained by the DVO indicating the type of report that was received, when it was received, action taken, when it was taken and the findings.

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Early response

n Emergency response teams in

place at Kabete and at all RVILs

n Respond to cases in shortest time

possible

n Send samples to nearest RVIL or n Send samples to nearest RVIL or

to Kabete

n Samples for further tests to be

sent to Kabete

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District Disease Control Committees

n Reactivate district disease control

committees

n These committees are charged with

assessing the:

n Risks of an outbreak occurring in the district; n Number of farms at risk; n Number of farms at risk;

n These committees are expected to play an

important role in:

n Rallying the community to the common cause

• f fighting an outbreak if it ever occurs.

n They are also important for disseminating

information to the general public.

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Conclusion

n HPAI has not been diagnosed in

Kenya so far

n We need to do all we can to keep

it out of Kenya

n All of us have a role to play in

doing this

n Let us all work together and keep

this disease away

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