Audience M Moti tivati tions f for S Sharing D Dis- an and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Audience M Moti tivati tions f for S Sharing D Dis- an and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Audience M Moti tivati tions f for S Sharing D Dis- an and Misinformati tion: A A C Comparati tive S Stu tudy i in Fi Five (Four a and a a H Half) S Sub-Saharan A African C Countr tries Dani M Madrid-Morales, U , U o of H

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Audience M Moti tivati tions f for S Sharing D Dis- an and Misinformati tion: A A C Comparati tive S Stu tudy i in Fi Five (Four a and a a H Half) S Sub-Saharan A African C Countr tries

Dani M Madrid-Morales, U , U o

  • f H

Houston | | @DMadrid_M _M | | www.d .danimadrid.n .net Herman W Wasserman, U , U o

  • f C

Cape T Town | | @hw hwasser Admire M Mare, N , Namibia U U o

  • f S

Science a and T Technology | | @a @adm dmire2mare Khu Khulekani Ndlovu, U , U o

  • f C

Cape T Town Melissa T Tully, U , U o

  • f Io

Iowa | |@tu tullyme Emeka L Lucky Um Umejei, A , American U U o

  • f N

Nigeria| | @em emek ekaumej ejei ei Ch Chikezie E. . Uz Uzuegbunam, U , U o

  • f C

Cape T Town | | @Dr_U _Uzuegbunam

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 1

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Old wine in a new bottle

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 2

Source: https://twitter.com/ndula_victor/status/1001123438604554245

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Disinformation in Sub-Saharan Africa – A research agenda

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 3

Exploratory three-country nonprobability online survey

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How often do you come across news stories about politics and government

  • nline that you think are not fully accurate? (N = 2,784)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Never Hardly Ever Sometimes Often

Kenya Nigeria South Africa USA

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 4

Source: Wasserman & Madrid-Morales (2019)

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How often do you come across news stories about politics and government

  • nline that you think are completely made up? (N = 2,784)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Never Hardly Ever Sometimes Often

Kenya Nigeria South Africa USA

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 5

Source: Wasserman & Madrid-Morales (2019)

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Have you ever shared a political news story online that you l later f found out was made up? (N = 2,784)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

No Yes

Kenya Nigeria South Africa USA

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 6

Source: Wasserman & Madrid-Morales (2019)

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Have you ever shared a political news story online that you thought at t the t time was made up? (N = 2,784)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

No Yes

Kenya Nigeria South Africa USA

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 7

Source: Wasserman & Madrid-Morales (2019)

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Unanswered questions

§ Our previous work helped us understand how much we s still d don’t un understand about the spread of mis- and disinformation in Sub- Saharan Africa…

  • 1. Can these results be re

replica cated among those with lower levels of formal education?

  • 2. Are the patterns identified in these three media saturated

countries applicable to other A African n nations?

  • 3. What is the direction o
  • f t

the r relationship between exposure to “fake media” and decreasing media trust?

  • 4. What makes Kenyans, Nigerians and South Africans sh

share inaccurate n news rather frequently?

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 8

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News sharing

§ A wide range of individual and societal motivations for sharing dis- & mis-information have been identified in different socio-political contexts.

§ In “advanced” democracies, it responds to “‘ch chaotic’ motivations to “burn down” the entire established democratic ‘cosmos’” (Petersen, Osmundsen, & Arceneaux, 2018) § In the UK, people share inaccurate information to “express t their f feelings”; “to inform o

  • thers”, and ”to find o
  • ut o
  • ther p

people’s o

  • pinions” (Chadwick & Vaccari, 2019)

§ In Singapore, “fake news” & rumors are shared to “cope with un uncer ertainty, build r relationships, and for se self-enha nhanc nceme ment nt” (Duffy, Tandoc & Ling, 2019) § In Kenya and Nigeria, sharing information is… (Chakrabarti, Rooney, & Kewon, 2018)

§ a form of social c currency that derives from a desire to be “in the know” § a civic d duty to share warnings of impeding crises or disasters § a democratic right - information i is d democratic and needs to be shared.

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 9

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Disinformation in Sub-Saharan Africa – A research agenda

Exploratory three-country nonprobability online survey

Focus group discussions with university students in 5+ countries

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 10 10

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Country selection

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 11 11

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Methods – Stimuli (I)

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 12 12

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Methods – Stimuli (II)

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 13 13

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RQ1

How do audiences decide which information they share through digital and social media?

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 14 14

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‘Take all news with a pinch of salt’

§ Widespread use o

  • f c

cues to decide how credible a piece of news is:

§ Authorship, format, sources cited, quality of photos, verified vs. non verified users…

§ ‘Knee jerk reaction’ when faced with dubious information is to do additi tional r research:

§ From a simple Google search to cross-referencing with “established” sources § Not a single participant suggested they’d use fact-checking websites.

§ Information sharing not s t seen a as a a f form o

  • f s

social c currency, but some types of sharing practice could be.

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 15 15

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RQ2

To what extent do different types of content and sources affect shareability?

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 16 16

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‘It’s more harmful not to share than to share’

§ Very few found politi tical s stories shareable

§ General dislike towards encountering political content on social media

§ Quite a few thought health th-related s stories m merited s sharing because

§ They create awareness, just in case it is true… § It is a way of showing people that stories are not true (meta-sharing) § It helps to get a sense of people’s opinion on a topic

§ In South Africa, Kenya & Nigeria, undergraduates would share inaccurate stories “just f t for f fun”

§ Quite a few share content from parody accounts, also comedians (e.g. Trevor Noah)

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 17 17

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RQ3

What differences and similarities exist between sharing practices across countries?

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 18 18

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'I use WhatsApp for everything’

§ We found very few between-country differences, but consistent with thin-countr try d differences (undergraduate vs. postgraduate) § Global international media (BBC, CNN, New York Times) are seen as reliable s sources o

  • f i

informati

  • tion. Also, some legacy media in each

country are respected.

§ Zimbabwean & Nigerian participants were the most distrustful; but there’s no narrative of ‘the media cannot be trusted’.

§ We found no evidence of “chaoti tic” m moti tivati tions to share mis- & dis- information.

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 19 19

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Final Ideas

§ A persistent topic in all discussions was the idea of a “generati tional di divi vide de” in information sharing and media literacy:

§ Older relatives are “blamed” for spreading information because.

§ There was a quasi unanimous support (except for South Africa) for str tricter l laws o

  • n s

social m media c content, particularly “fake news”.

§ The potential negative consequences of widespread disinformation justify curtailment of freedom of speech.

§ Information sharing is most prevalent in small and large groups on Wh Whats tsApp in all five countries.

§ News consumption on Twitter & Facebook is not consistent. YouTube (SA) and Instagram (NG) alternative sources of information.

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 20 20

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Understanding disinformation in Sub-Saharan Africa

Exploratory three-country nonprobability online survey

Focus group discussions with university students in 5+ countries Computational content analysis of disinformation

  • n Facebook

Focus group discussions in non-urban settings in 5+ countries Multi-country nationally representative survey

20 2019/ 9/10/ 0/04 04 Comparative A Approaches t to D Disinformation W Workshop | H | Harvard U University 21 21