ATI TEAS SCIENCE REVIEW Questions related to the macromolecules will - - PDF document

ATI TEAS SCIENCE REVIEW MACROMOLECULES

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

Questions related to the macromolecules will test your familiarity of the four types of molecules. As the applicant, you will need to demonstrate understanding of how proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids function. Let’s get started in understanding how macromolecules are important on the ATI TEAS.

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules are very large molecules. Most are formed when

• rganic molecules, also known as monomers, combine with covalent

bonds during dehydration reactions to form biological polymers. Most

• f the macromolecules are groups of the same monomer or similar

monomers linked together over and over. There are four types of macromolecules

• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids

These macromolecules are the food groups needed by the body and can be broken down by hydrolysis (chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water) during digestion for use by the body’s cells.

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - PROTEINS Proteins are long chains of amino acid monomers. The long chains are called polypeptides and they sometimes fold over to form three- dimensional shapes. Different shapes have different functions. Of the 20 primary amino acids, only 11 of these can be produced by the body itself. The remaining 9 must be obtained through the diet. These 9 amino acids are known as essential amino acids. They can be found in protein sources such as meat, eggs, fish, and some plant sources.

PHOTO CREDIT: HOLE HOUSE

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - PROTEINS Enzymes are a vital class of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. Without enzymes, life would not exist. They are essential for biosynthesis and perform many functions in the digestive system. There are two categories of enzymes: catabolic enzymes, which break down their substrate, and anabolic enzymes, which use their substrate to build more complex molecules.

PHOTO CREDIT: CERTIFICATE BIOLOGY

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - PROTEINS Hormones are another class of proteins with which you should be

• familiar. Hormones are signaling molecules produced by glands in

endocrine system. They are transported by the circulatory system to

• rgans throughout the body to regulate physiology and behavior.

PHOTO CREDIT: WIKIHOW

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - PROTEINS FUNCTION OF PROTEINS Proteins have many vital functions within the body, such as:

• Proteins catalyze chemical reactions
• Proteins synthesize and repair DNA
• Proteins provide structural support
• Proteins transport materials across the cell
• Proteins respond to stimuli
• Proteins send and receive chemical signals

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates molecules form with a ratio of carbon to hydrogen to

• xygen 1:2:1. They can be classified into three subtypes:
• Monosaccharide is a simple sugar, with only 3-7 carbon atoms.

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are common monosaccharides.

• Disaccharide forms when two monosaccharides bond. Sucrose,

lactose, and maltose are common disaccharides.

• Polysaccharide is a long chain of monosaccharides. Glycogen,

cellulose, and starch are common polysaccharides.

PHOTO CREDIT: ESCHOOLTODAY

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - CARBOHYDRATES FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are the body’s source of quick fuel because they break down faster in the body than proteins and fats. Carbohydrates covert to sugar, or glucose, which is a ready source of fuel. Simple carbohydrates, such as cane sugar, break down fastest when consumed. Complex carbohydrates, such as grains and starchy vegetables, breaks down more slowly than simple carbohydrates and turn into sugar less quickly in the bloodstream.

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - CARBOHYDRATES Fiber is a component found in carbohydrates that cannot be digested by the body. Because it does not break down into glucose, fiber adds bulk to the diet and improves the process of transporting foods through the digestive system. Adequate fiber intake can also be helpful for controlling blood sugar levels. While some carbohydrates perform energy storage functions, other carbohydrates perform structural functions. The polysaccharide cellulose performs an important function in plant cells. The rigid cell wall is made up of cellulose. Another polysaccharide, chitin, performs an important function in arthropods: it forms an exoskeleton to protect their internal organs. Other carbohydrates, such as glycoproteins, have recognition functions.

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - LIPIDS Lipids are macromolecules that contain hydrocarbons. They are highly reduced forms of carbon and when they are metabolized, lipids are

• xidized to release large amounts of energy.

Some lipids examples include

• Fats
• Oils
• Waxes
• Sterols
• Fat-soluble vitamins
• Monoglycerides
• Diglycerides
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids

PHOTO CREDIT: SLIDEPLAYER

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES - LIPIDS FUNCTION OF LIPIDS Lipids are efficient source of fuel for the body; once digested, they break down into fatty acids and glycerol. Fats take longer to digest than either protein or carbohydrates, so they provide the body with sustained energy. Saturated fats are derived mainly from animal sources and tend to raise cholesterol and increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Unsaturated fats are derived from certain vegetables, fish, and nuts. These fats can lower cholesterol levels, particularly monosaturated fats, such as those found in avocado and

• live oil.

Lipids also have signaling functions and act as a major structural component of cell membranes.

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES – NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is a polymer made from a long string of repeating units called

• nucleotides. Nearly all DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer

strands that are coiled around each other to form a double helix shape. As you probably know, DNA stores biological information and is the hereditary material in all living organisms. RNA is also a chain of nucleotides, but it usually forms a single strand folded onto itself, rather than a double-strand like DNA. RNA is mostly involved in protein synthesis. A type of RNA known as messenger RNA carries copies of the genetic information to ribosomes, where catalytic ribosomal RNA molecules and transfer RNA molecules coordinate to make a functional protein.

PHOTO CREDIT: TECHNOLOGY NETWORK

ATI TEAS SCIENCE – MACROMOLECULES

UNDERSTANDING MACROMOLECULES – NUCLEIC ACIDS FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids carry out several cellular processes. They are especially involved in the regulation and expression of genes.