Assessing the ability of fishery by-products to contribute to the quality marine ingredient supply in the UK Jean PEIGNON – August 2016
Context UK is the biggest fish processor in Europe Aquaculture annual Stagnation of growth +7,5% wild fisheries Discard at sea, due to lack of incentive Marine ingredients are essentials for aquafeed
Our approach What is the most suitable one to create the value? Write a protocol and perform the Quantitative: process at the IoA. Process Understand where is the resource. Qualitative: Understand how we could bring more value to this resource. Project Availabilities: Resource Market Understand the marine - What? ingredients market: from the - Where? production to the end users - When? (aquafeed manufacturers). Current uses: - What uses? - By whom?
Market - FM consumption and replacement The aquaculture formulation changed to contain FM at it’s minimum requirement, leading to a substitution Substitution requires to improve, not only the knowledge on the traditional essential nutrients but also the effects of minor nutrients. These minor nutrients have to be brought somehow in small quantities in the formulation.
Market – Marine ingredients perception Marine ingredients are now considered as functional ingredients : “ an ingredient which delivers additional or enhanced benefits over and above their basic nutritional value” E.g. Attractants, micro minerals, pigments, bioactive molecules etc. The basic nutritional requirements are covered by a portfolio of cheaper materials to guarantee a competitive price and quality. Functionality being the keyword, our aim was to find a process enhance the functionality of fisheries by-products.
Process - Selection The approach was based on the refining model from the petroleum industry. The major idea being to find a non- destructive process which separates the raw material into several phases. These phases can then be concentrated and used independently to fulfil specific role in the formulation. “Cracking” a complex product fulfilling an overall use to produce specific products for specific uses.
Process – Proteolysis The process selected is proteolysis : “The breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Proteolysis is typically catalysed by enzymes called proteases”. Proteolysis is a specific reaction which does not alter the rest of the raw materials and allow the implementation of the refining model. Several authors highlighted the interest of hydrolysates both as a tool for an effective fishmeal replacement and proven effect on fish health and growth . Proteolysis is already used at industrial scale to produce protein concentrates.
Industrial Fishmeal and hydrolysis processes Oil Evaporating Solid recovery recovery Cooking Pressing Drying Milling Concentration Mixing Hydrolysis Centrifugation Drying Enzyme Stabilization
Process – Hydrolysis protocol at the IoA Fatty acid Lipid layer analysis Moisture (If available) Freeze Oil Moisture Data dried Protein Oil collection Freeze Ash Protein dried 𝛽 - amino acid Liquid Supernatant Enzymatic concentration Grinding Sampling over time hydrolysis Raw material Centrifuge 0’ Mineral Sludge Freeze dried composition 20’ 4 0’ 240’
Raw material - sampling We aimed to be representative both in term of : • Type of raw material • In the fish supply chain: 2 nd by-products: 2 • Hake – carcass • Wolf fish – carcass • Cod – carcass • Monk fish – head • Whiting – carcass • Saithe – frame 1 st by-products: • Scallop - frills • Nephrops - Head By-catch: • Whole haddock Legend: • Fish • Crustacean • Mollusk
Raw material- Proximal analysis Fatty acid Lipid layer analysis Moisture (If available) Freeze Oil Moisture Data dried Protein Oil collection Freeze Ash Protein dried 𝛽 - amino acid Liquid Supernatant Enzymatic concentration Grinding Sampling over time hydrolysis Raw material Centrifuge 0’ Mineral Sludge Freeze dried composition 20’ 4 0’ 240’
Raw material- Proximal analysis Moisture� Oil Protein Ash SAITHE 75,30% 0,30% 17,30% 7,10% SCALLOP 82,20% 3,00% 8,00% 6,80% NEPHROPS 70,80% 0,80% 10,90% 14,80% HADDOCK 78,00% 0,40% 15,40% 6,30% FISHMIX 78,30% 1,10% 14,10% 7,70% WHITING 79,40% 0,30% 14,50% 5,90% MONK�FISH 84,10% 0,00% 10,20% 5,60% COD 74,80% 0,20% 14,80% 10,10% WOLF�FISH 75,80% 4,30% 14,20% 6,40% HAKE 77,50% 0,17% 15,30% 7,80%
Process – α -amino acid concentration Fatty acid Lipid layer analysis Moisture (If available) Freeze Oil Moisture Data dried Protein Oil collection Freeze Ash Protein dried 𝛽 - amino acid Liquid Supernatant Enzymatic concentration Grinding Sampling over time hydrolysis Raw material Centrifuge 0’ Mineral Sludge Freeze dried composition 20’ 4 0’ 240’
Process – α -amino acid concentration α -amino acid The breakdown of proteins increases the amount of peptides and amino acids. TNBSA, which reacts with primary amines (peptides or amino acids), was used to measure there concentration in the different supernatant phase. 240 ’ 0’ 20’ 4 0’ 120’ 60’
Process – α -amino acid concentration FMIX STH HDK 250 250 (mM) (mM) 200 200 � acid� acid� 150 150 α -amino� α -amino� 100 100 50 50 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 Time� (minutes) Time� (minutes) SCA NH 250 (mM) 200 � acid� 150 α -amino� 100 50 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 Time� (minutes)
Process – α -amino acid concentration All the raw materials have an increase of α -amino acid concentration , showing that hydrolysis did occur, and flatten to the top accordingly to others results. The initial concentration are different between the raw materials. This results could be explained by two characteristics: o the freshness and storage conditions. o the presence of soft tissues and endogenous enzymes within the raw materials. Freshness and storage condition appeared to be critical points
Process – Yield As it was the starting point of the α -amino acid plateau, 60 minutes was chosen to be the optimum point. All the result showed after are based at this time.
Process – Yield Haddock - Whole Freeze dried Yield (kg/kg of raw material) % of protein % of lipid supernatant + lipid 0,145 77% >1% Yield (kg/kg of raw material) Solid Sludge 0,09 Haddock� sludge� � - Mineral� composition Haddock� sludge� - Mineral� composition 700 300000 600 250000 500 200000 µ g/g ug/g 400 150000 300 100000 200 50000 100 0 0 45Sc 51V 55Mn 59Co 65Cu 66Zn 23Na 24Mg 31P 39K 44Ca 56Fe
Nephrops� head� - Fatty� acid� composition Process – Yield Total� saturated Total� monounsaturated Total� n-6� PUFA Total� n-3� PUFA Others� PUFA 22% 43% 7% 28% 1% Lipid layer Nephrops - Head 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Freeze dried Yield (kg/kg of raw material) % of protein % of lipid supernatant 0,106 62% >1% Yield (kg/kg of raw material) Solid Sludge 0,35 Nephrops�sludge� - Mineral� composition Nephrops�sludge� - Mineral� composition 700 300000 600 250000 500 200000 µ g/g µ g/g 400 150000 300 100000 200 50000 100 0 0 45Sc 51V 55Mn 59Co 65Cu 66Zn 23Na 24Mg 31P 39K 44Ca 56Fe
FishMix� – Fatty� acid� composition Total� saturated Total� monounsaturated Total� n-6� PUFA Process – Yield Total� n-3� PUFA Others� PUFA 20,88 45,70 8,98 23,46 0,98 Lipid layer FishMix - Carcass 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Freeze dried Yield (kg/kg of raw material) % of protein % of lipid supernatant 0,114 83% 1,4% Yield (kg/kg of raw material) Solid Sludge 0,35 FishMix�sludge� - Mineral� composition FishMix�sludge� - Mineral� composition 300000 700 250000 600 500 200000 µ g/g µ g/g 400 150000 300 100000 200 50000 100 0 0 45Sc 51V 55Mn 59Co 65Cu 66Zn 23Na 24Mg 31P 39K 44Ca 56Fe
Process – Yield Saithe - Frame Yield (kg/kg of raw material) % of protein % of lipid Freeze dried 0,112 88% <1% supernatant + lipid Yield (kg/kg of raw material) Solid Sludge 0,15 Scallop - Frills Freeze dried Yield (kg/kg of raw material) % of protein % of lipid supernatant + lipid 0,106 62% 7,9% Yield (kg/kg of raw material) Solid Sludge 0,10
Process – Remark Pigments could not be treated, but they represent an very interesting functional part of the raw materials, especially for the nephrops.
Market - Potential The hydrolysates are meant to be used in a diet formulation. As we had no time to try them in-vivo, we will use the following article’s and our lab trial’s result to “simulate” an in - vivo trial and compare utilisation of hydrolysate vs. fishmeal formulation.
Market - Potential The following article as been retained because it used industrial hydrolysates, both made with co-products, similar to the one we produced: o A tilapia hydrolysate (TH) at 95% dry matter and 71%CP, comparable to the FishMIX at 83% CP. o A shrimp hydrolysate (ST) at 96% dry matter and 64% CP, similar to nephrops head at 65% CP.
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