Asian Cities: Fostering Growth and Inclusion ERNA WITOELAR
Asian Cities: Fostering Growth and Inclusion KEY QUESTIONS: 1. The Nature of Urbanization in Asia & elsewhere. 2. Implications of urbanization patterns for cities role as engines of growth & job creation 3. Policy Options & Reforms needed for Fostering Growth and Inclusion
The Nature of Urbanization in Asia …1) There are two understandings of the meaning of urbanization: 1) the rapid movements to cities / urban areas; 2) urbanizing rural areas: - There is a need to recognize and balance both urban and rural development processes, as they are interdependent & interrelated. They should also be more interconnected. - The causes and solutions of urbanization need to look at the “big picture” ( regional development ) and “small picture” ( human settlements ) → they need a holistic AND people-centered approach. Both are also well recognized in the Sustainable Development Goals.
The Nature of Urbanization in Asia …2 - Spatial planning is essential, yet it needs to be better coordinated with economic, socio-cultural, and environmental planning. Many problems with urbanization today comes from not implementing these pillars of sustainable development at the same time. - Unfortunately many of our cities are very late in making & implementing a proper spatial plan, creating disorganized & sometimes messy cities - Economic growth, social & cultural harmony, and environmental resilience can actually go hand-in-hand and strengthen each other. This concept of sustainable development has existed since 1987, followed by several global agenda with many policy options to choose from.
URBANIZATION ELSEWHERE IN ASIA: ( from UN Habitat presentation on the NUA - New Urban Agenda, 2016)
Implications of urbanization for cities’ roles as engines of growth & job creation … 1 - Growth AND Inclusion also need to be implemented simultaneously, not sequentially… Much of our development challenges in Asia were still suffering from previous “top - down” political habits and “trickle down” economic practices: growth first, equitable later. - Priority of (natural & financial) resources were given to politicians & big players, while small ones get charity. Hence the severe natural resource destruction and climate change caused disasters for decades. - Engines of growth & job creation are neither driven by governments nor big companies only. There are tens/hundreds of thousands of jobs created by small & medium size companies, micro enterprises, self- employments, etc. They lessen the burdens of governments’ budgets.
Implications of urbanization for cities’ roles as engines of growth & job creation …2 - Governments should not just create or give jobs to their citizens, they also need to empower them to create / make their own jobs. Give them the “ease of doing business” (now given a lot to investors), facilitate their business locations with affordable infrastructure, cut down red tapes, etc. - Governments should not bear the sole responsibility of creating growth AND inclusion. Many non-traditional, new, different, creative & innovative ways of doing businesses are becoming engines of growth & job creators. - Inclusion is not just a social economic matter. It is a governance process. It should come together with participation, transparency, accountability AND multi-stakeholder partnerships, with governments as facilitators.
Policy Options & Reforms needed for Fostering Growth and Inclusion… 1 - Align urban policies with the Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreements, Sendai Framework for DRR (all 3 since 2015) and the New Urban Agenda (2016). Pick anything most suitable to our needs. - Inclusion can start from doing urban planning / policy development. They don’t have to be overwhelming, or all at once, they can build on previous works; they are about doing things better with more impact. - Stop working in silos! Harmonize national and local urban policies. Integrate, collaborate, build dialogues and partnerships with multi- stakeholders having mutual interests. Collaborate with neighboring (urban or rural) regions with similar challenges & opportunities.
Policy Options & Reforms needed for Fostering Growth and Inclusion… 2 -- For any issues (slums upgrading, water & sanitation, climate resilience, etc.) and any target groups (women, children, youth, vulnerable local communities, etc.) there are CSOs available for facilitating & empowering local communities. -- Role of academician are important (direct engagement with local governments, knowledge & data generation, monitoring & evaluation, capacity building with tailored trainings, analysis of good practices, etc.). - In many Asian countries, business and philanthropy organizations role are increasing in commitments & actions for SDGs. Local government leaders can build equal partnerships with these non-state actors, through co-creation and people-centric to capture new ideas;
( from UN Habitat presentation on the NUA - New Urban Agenda and other global agreements, 2016)
THANK YOU *) Founder, Kemitraan Habitat ( Partnership for Sustainable Urban Development), Former UN Special Ambassador for MDGs in Asia Pacific, former Minister of Human Settlement & Regional Development. **) presented at the ADB Roundtable on: Asian Cities: Fostering Growth & Inclusion, Jakarta, 30Sept’19 11
Pembangunan Perkotaan & Pengembangan Wilayah dalam kerangka SDGs Melalui proses yang a.l. diprakarsai asosiasi pemda global (UCLG), secara khusus pengembangan perkotaan ditargetkan di SDG 11 Namun langsung & tidak langsung menghasilkan dampak yang mendukung pencapaian Tujuan2 lain (SDG 6,7,8,9 dan SDG 12,13). Pengembangan wilayah di SDG 11 ditargetkan melalui perkuatan perencanaan antara kota dengan daerah sekitarnya secara partisipatif. Pengembangan wilayah juga secara eksplisit ditargetkan dalam pencapaian beberapa Tujuan lain, mis. pengelolaan SDA Terpadu (di SDG 6), pengelolaan ekosistem laut & pesisir (SDG 14), pengelolaan DAS & ekosistem hutan (SDG 15) dll 12
Kemitraan Multi Pihak / Lintas Pelaku untuk SDGs Kemitraan lintas pelaku Kemitraan lintas pelaku & untuk HAM, standar lintas sektor utk keadilan buruh, lingkungan hidup sosial & kemanusiaan dan anti korupsi Kemitraan lintas pelaku, lintas wilayah & lintas sektor untuk Kemitraan lintas pelaku kesejahteraan sosial untuk penanggulangan masalah gizi & pangan Kemitraan lintas pelaku untuk perbaikan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan Kemitraan lintas pelaku & lintas sektor untuk masalah pertanian Kemitraan berbasis keanggotaan Kemitraan lintas pelaku & lintas sektor utk sustainable community (masyarakat berkelanjutan) Kemitraan lintas pelaku untuk integritas bisnis, pemberdayaan kaum muda & keberlanjutan 13
Membangun Kemitraan Multipihak berbasis SDGs Pilih Tujuan/2 SDGs mana yang dijadikan prioritas karena sudah banyak/sedang dilakukan Pilih Tujuan2 berdampak langsung / tidak langsung dan perdalam keterkaitannya dengan Tujuan2 prioritas Temu kenali mitra yang tepat → bangun Kemitraan Lintas Pelaku, Lintas Sektor / Lintas Wilayah Bangun sinergi dlm kemitraan setara & saling memberi manfaat; juga memperluas / memperdalam dampak
Peluang KMP oleh Keterkaitan SDG 11 dengan SDGs lain → Bisa memperluas dan meningkatkan dampak pencapaian SDGs terkait
Tantangan Kemitraan Multipihak: 1. Menerapkan Prinsip-Prinsip Kemitraan → Adanya interaksi antar pihak yang kurang baik Bangun kepercayaan sebelumnya bisa menyulitkan bangun kepercayaan → Hubungan transaksional antara pemberi dan Kemitraan setara penerima dana membuat ketidak setaraan → Memerlukan kepemimpinan yang partisipasif Partisipasi → Perlu tata kelola yang baik ( good governance ) Akuntabilitas → Perlu disepakati dari awal dan dipelihara Manfaat Bersama 2. Melokalkan SDGs dengan menerapkan kemitraan lintas wilayah
Peluang KMP dalam Pembiayaan SDGs Laporan ICESDF *): Pendanaan publik & privat (filantropi/bisnis) secara global sebenarnya memadai guna memenuhi kebutuhan sumber daya bagi SDGs & bisa dimanfaatkan → namun perlu mengubah pola pendanaan / investasi sekarang Strategi yg ditawarkan ICESDF a.l. menyelaraskan investasi privat & SDGs → pemerintah menciptakan kerangka kebijakan yang mendorong investasi tsb Tata Kelola pendanaan penting diperbaiki: mengurangi korupsi & meningkatkan efisiensi sektor publik. Efektivitas unsur pendukung pendanaan sangat ditekankan; mis. kebijakan, regulasi, kelembagaan, dll → untuk menggalang sumber daya tambahan. *) Laporan ICESDF / Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing, disampaikan di SU PBB 2014
KMP untuk Pembiayaan TPB … lanjutan Laporan ICESDF … lanjutan : Laporan ini juga menyoroti peran filantropi oleh yayasan, warga masyarakat & aktor non pemerintah yang telah makin maju dalam ruang lingkup, skala & kecanggihan. Tidak hanya sumber daya finansial, filantropi diakui memiliki modal intelektual, kapasitas teknis dan pengalaman kerja lapangan bersama masyarakat. Disoroti praktek kekakuan model pendanaan selama ini (seluruhnya publik / seluruhnya swasta) mengurangi efektivitas pendanaan. Solusinya a.l. mencampurkan pendanaan dari publik & privat ( blended finance ) (disarikan dari tulisan Suzanty Sitorus “Siapa Akan Bayar Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan dan Aksi Perubahan Iklim ”, majalah Prisma 2016 )
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