Architectural Perspective Based on NBC 2016 Standards Department of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Basic Safety Analysis of Buildings from an Architectural Perspective

Based on NBC 2016 Standards

Department of Architecture and Planning

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

What do we mean by Building System Analysis?

• A process that measures how a building's performance compares to the specified design.
• Building Analysis is a general name given to the techniques applied by architects to assess

the functioning of a building both pre and post occupancy. Types:

• Pre Occupancy Analysis
• Pre Construction Site Survey
• Site Logistics Survey
• Ongoing Construction Safety and Quality Check
• Building Level Construction External - Visual Survey
• Building Services – Visual Survey
• Finishing and Interiors – Visual Survey
• Post Occupancy Analysis
• Facility Management Survey
• Retrofitting Requirement Analysis
• Energy Usage Analysis

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Components of building resilience

Robustness: the ability to maintain critical operations and functions in the face

• f crisis.

Resourcefulness: the ability to skilfully prepare for, respond to, and manage a crisis or disruption as it unfolds. Rapid recovery: the ability to return to and/or reconstitute normal operations as quickly and efficiently as possible after a disruption.

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The National Building Code of India - 2016

• A comprehensive building code providing guidelines for regulating the building

construction activities across the country.

• Published by the Bureau of Indian Standards as SP 7: 2016
• A Model Code for adoption by all agencies involved in building construction

works be they Public Works Departments,

• ther

government construction departments, local bodies or private construction agencies.

• The code mainly contains:
• Administrative Regulations
• Development Control Rules
• General Building Requirements
• Fire Safety Requirements
• Stipulations regarding Materials Usage
• Structural Design & Construction Specifications
• Building Services
• Approach to Sustainability
• Asset and Facility management

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Pre Occupancy Analysis

Pre Construction Site Survey

• The general topographical condition of the

site is documented and analysed. The points to be considered during this survey are:

• Natural Orientation of site and effect of natural

features like trees, water bodies, slopes, mounds etc.

• Distance from existing Municipal infrastructure and

major waterbodies like rivers, lakes or ponds

• Ground water level and condition of Soil
• Boundary conditions to the existing site (Natural or

Man-made)

• Useable slope and areas to be modified for using

cutting and filling.

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Pre Occupancy Analysis

Site Logistics Survey

• The workings of the site in question during

the period of construction is planned, so as to avoid problems when the construction is in progress, the points to remember are:

• Location and placement of bulk materials, steel,

formwork equipment and batching plant.

• Placement of finishing materials like wood, tiles etc.
• Accessibility of Transit Mixers.
• Placement of the Tower Cranes and the radius of

safety around them.

• Proper

placement, hygiene and facilities like drinking water for the workforce accommodation, including a site hospital or first aid facility.

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Pre Occupancy Analysis

Ongoing Construction Safety and Quality Check

• The safety of the construction workforce and

their operation areas is very important to ensure good quality construction. Some of the thigs to be kept in mind are:

• The mandatory provision and proper usage of

personal construction safety equipment.

• The proper checking of supporting infrastructure

like scaffolding, MLCP/RLCP, cranes, concrete pumps etc.

• Regular mock Fire drills education and awareness
• f

workforce towards personal safety and its importance.

• Periodic documentation of construction quality by

authorised personal.

• Random visits by site safety officers to help ensure

an accident free quality construction zone.

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Building Construction Survey - External

• Construction work, although constantly

supervised by engineers, requires teams

• f

quality

• fficers

to assess and maintain the quality of construction, following a certain number of steps like:

• Development
• f

a mock case before execution.

• Visual survey of the construction stage-wise,

to identify and correct defects arising during construction.

• Proper documentation of each construction

stage and material used to gauge wastage and further requirements.

Pre Occupancy Analysis

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Building Services

• Building

services include the mechanical, electrical and plumbing services combined together for the proper functioning of a building:

• Mechanical Services: These include the proper

functioning of the elevator systems, HVAC etc.

• Electrical Services: These include the setup of

electrical rooms and power supply to the building and also to the individual areas within the building that require electricity.

• Plumbing Services: These include the setup of

various fire fighting related services, establishment of STP, WTP and also common water related plumbing works in a building.

Pre Occupancy Analysis

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Finishing and Interior Survey

• The interior aspects of a building require

special attention before and after construction, some of which are listed below:

• Proper laying and sloping of flooring surfaces.
• Proper water proofing and damp proofing of

the roof and around areas that are prone to get and stay wet.

• Proper design and material choices to help

avoid accidents like Anti Slip tiles, Fire Rated Doors, raised entry to electrical rooms etc.

Pre Occupancy Analysis

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Facility Management Survey

• The proper management of a facility

post occupancy is probably the most ignored task in a building’s life. Below are some points to keep in mind while doing this survey:

• Proper functioning and maintenance of all fire

fighting equipment, public announcement systems and alarms.

• Ensuring spaces are used as per their design

intentions.

• Constant

use, service, repair and maintenance

• f

common infrastructure life elevators, common areas lighting, STP’s and WTP’s etc.

Post Occupancy Analysis

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Retrofitting Requirement and Analysis

• Due

to various reasons sometimes the spaces constructed don’t function as

• intended. Retrofitting is done to make these

places more functional or perform better.

• This retrofitting requires a

lot of analysis to be done before hand to understand the scope, use and effect of the intended

• retrofit. These are the things to keep in mind

while planning a retrofit:

• Possibility of solving the issue without retrofit.
• Effect of the retrofit on the occupants and building

performance.

• Level of requirement of the retrofit and various

alternatives with cost implications.

Post Occupancy Analysis

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Energy Usage Analysis

• Energy consumption is one of the biggest

reasons people

• pt

for retrofitting. The energy consumption analysis can give us an idea of how to operate the building most efficiently.

• Some of the points to remember while

doing an energy usage analysis are:

• Comparison of amount of energy required in an

ideal case vs. existing case.

• Areas of maximum usage and how to reduce it.
• In case of Photovoltaics, the amount of energy

produced compared to the amount used.

• The intelligent regular monitoring
• f usage to

identify peaks and spikes to tackle etc.

Post Occupancy Analysis

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Basic Architectural Analysis of

Mahatma Gandhi Central Library IITR

2014

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Levels of Assessment

SITE LEVEL BUILDING LEVEL SERVICES FACILITY MANAGEMENT INTERIORS FINANCE

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Levels of Assessment

SITE LEVEL BUILDING LEVEL SERVICES FACILITY MANAGEMENT INTERIORS FINANCE Vegetation Contours Services Roadways Front, side and rear margins Zoning

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Levels of Assessment

SITE LEVEL BUILDING LEVEL SERVICES FACILITY MANAGEMENT INTERIORS FINANCE Structure Accessibility Services Safety features Fenestration Floor plans Materials used Quality and Aesthetics Façade

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Levels of Assessment

SITE LEVEL BUILDING LEVEL SERVICES FACILITY MANAGEMENT INTERIORS FINANCE Electrical Plumbing and Sanitation HVAC Fire safety and protection Vertical and horizontal circulation Façade engineering

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Levels of Assessment

SITE LEVEL BUILDING LEVEL SERVICES FACILITY MANAGEMENT INTERIORS FINANCE Space management Materials used Doorways Lighting Ventilation Furnishing Thermal comfort

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LIBRARY BUILDING

• Roads on all the four sides
• Landscaped area in front with ramps
• Parking lots on left and right side of the building
• MBA department, new lecture hall complex, and main

building on side and front respectively SERVICE ROOM

• PANEL BOARD
• GENERATOR
• FIRE PUMPS
• CHILLER PLANT

PARKING LOT PARKING LOT

ISSUES IDENTIFIED AT SITE LEVEL

• Road runs on all 4 sides of the building but there is

a single entry into the building

• Another entrance is provided to basement for ac

plant room but never used

• The road access has not been utilized for escape

areas from fire staircases

• Hard landscaping outside building. A mix of soft &

hard landscape would reduce heat gain & result into more aesthetically appealing & usable space

• Ramps provided for access are very steep

making it inaccessible

• Street lighting is inefficient and unsufficient

SITE LEVEL

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• PARKING
• ROAD ACCESS
• LANDSCAPING
• COOLING TOWERS
• DG SETS

SITE LEVEL

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BUILDING LEVEL

Total covered area 85,000 sq. ft. Building structure RCC Building Orientation E-W (East facing) Outer façade Sandstone cladding Main consideration in design Natural light Reading capacity 700 nos. Open reading room capacity 80 nos. Stacking Capacity 3,00,000 documents Air conditioner 2 x 250 TN Standby power 250 KVA generator

• No. of meters

2 Power for computers 2 x 60 KVA UPS system A staff of 30 is provided in building

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SERVICES PROVIDED

• Circulation
• Reference
• User Education
• E- Resource Access
• Online Public Access Catalogue
• Xerox
• Printing
• Current Awareness
• Text Book Loan Scheme
• Inter Library Loan
• Document Delivery
• Consultancy
• Software Development
• Digital Library
• Institutional repository

ICT INFRASTRUCTURE

• Telephones

42 Jacks

• Internet I/Os

200

• 24 port switches

8

• Wired for desktop
• Wireless for laptops
• User Terminals

45

• Terminals for office use30
• Servers

08

• Planetary scanners

PS-700002 & PS-5000C

• POE based Digital

47 Cameras Surveillance

BUILDING LEVEL

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LOWER GROUND FLOOR

• Conference Room
• Theses & Dissertations
• Pre-1970 Journals
• Cyber Room
• Imaging Centre
• Server Room
• I/C automation
• I/C Archives
• Training Room
• A/C plant
• UPS Room
• Archives
• Text Books

BUILDING LEVEL

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GROUND FLOOR

• Return Counter
• Reference Collection
• Reserved and Overnight

Issue Collection

• Office / Superintendent
• Librarian
• Current Periodicals
• I/C Periodicals
• Periodical Section
• Online Catalogue/ E-

resource Terminals

• Xeroxing & Printing
• Issue Counter
• Property boxes
• Notice Boards
• Open Reading Room

(Entry from outside)

BUILDING LEVEL BUILDING LEVEL

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FIRST FLOOR

• I/C Technical

Processing & Book stacks

• Binding Unit
• Book Stacks
• I/C Acquisition
• Acquisition section
• Technical Processing

section

BUILDING LEVEL BUILDING LEVEL

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SECOND FLOOR

• Bound Periodicals

(1970-onwards)

• News Papers
• Periodicals Binding

Unit

BUILDING LEVEL BUILDING LEVEL

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BUILDING LEVEL

ISSUES IDENTIFIED AT BUILDING LEVEL

• DESIGN INEFFIECIENCY

1. Illegible placement of service cores 2. No visual connect & axis to service cores 3. Dark corridors 4. Partial fire norms compliance in the entire design & material usage 5. No fire exits open to pressurised areas or open areas & long travel distance to fire exits 6. No skid free flooring material 7. No barrier free design principles adhered to 8. Toilets for differently abled not provided 9. No mock drill or pre – incident plans provided

• 10. No/illegible signage
• 11. Narrow fire exit corridors can lead to stampede
• 12. No ergonomics taken care of
• 13. Huge building without strategic space allocation
• 14. Inefficient damp proofing of toilet

walls, in several other places inside the building as well

• 15. No waste management inside or
• utside the building
• 16. Landscaped area is majorly hard –

results in more heat gain through the huge glass facades of building.

• 17. No provision for rain water

harvesting though there is ample scope for this

• 18. Landscape area just provides the

grandeur to the building

• 19. Riser of steps being very low & poses

problem in ease of movement

• 20. Lack of street lighting results in very

dark roads around night time.

BUILDING LEVEL

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• Low height risers
• Fountains provided at the entrance

could utilize water from rain water runoff

• Steep ramp slope is not favourable for

person with disability.

BUILDING LEVEL

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BASEMENT

1.EXHIBITION AREA 2.ARCHIVES 3.HVAC PLANT ROOM AND AHUs

• 1. EXHIBITION AREA

SPACE LEVEL

ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED

• A make shift arrangement is

done

• It is not a well defined

exhibition zone.

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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Areas on the first floor remain dark despite the atrium Dampness in the atrium above exhibition area Dampness in the atrium above exhibition area & no vents for smoke evacuation No zoning done in the entire building - Unsafe fire safety practice Ample no. of sprinklers & smoke detectors used but no smoke evacuation fixture Exhibition area mainly used for reading purposes only

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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• Down lighters installed on the

columns are huge & unappealing

• If the exhibition area is utilized for

display purposes it will entirely hamper the circulation in the basement

• Basement is very poorly lit and not

ventilated

• Sprinklers and smoke detectors

provided at c/c 2m, this being the

• nly area where this provision is

strategically met

• Lights installed in side walls along

the staircase are not working

• Tread and riser of the stairs are

NBC compliant

• Stairs should have anti skid

grooves

• Lighting fixtures haphazardly

provided which does not light up the entire area Fire safety alarm and control panel in exhibition area

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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2. ARCHIVES

SPACE LEVEL

ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED

• Archive section has no natural light.
• The stacks are unevenly placed with no

proper aisles and even the lights are not on aisles rather on stacks

• The fans are too placed above stacks making

them useless

• Smoke detectors and sprinklers are provided

in the room but wet sprinklers can destroy archive stock

• False ceiling is broken at places leading to

leakage of water from HVAC ducts

• No provision for smoke evacuation
• Lift opens inside the archive section

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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• Use of wet sprinklers will

spoil the books

• Inappropriate lighting

fixture installation

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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• 3. AHUs AND AC PLANT ROOM
• SERVICES
• INTERIORS
• FINANCE
• FACILITY MANAGEMENT

SPACE LEVEL

FEATURES

• Water-cooled screw chiller installed
• Chiller

and cooling towers both are

• provided. Cooling tower used in case of

extreme heating

• Capacity of compressor is 150 tonnes
• Capacity of chiller is 100 tonnes
• 4

chiller and condenser pumps are provided (2 each)

• Exhaust fans are provided for smoke

evacuation

• Total 10 AHUs in the building – 1 CSU also

near archive section - sufficient Plan - AHUs AND AC PLANT ROOM

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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FEATURES

• Sump room provided near Ramp
• Ramp has an entry directly from outside

but it stays closed all the time

• Condenser gets fed by the water from

cooling towers – 16000 l capacity

• Chillers

are fed by the water from

• verhead roof tank – 25000 l capacity
• AHU

and HVAC control panels are provided

• 2 boilers are also installed for heating

purposes

• Only
• ne

condenser-chiller runs at a

• time. Second one is used as a backup
• Manual

monitoring

• f

working and electricity consumption is done on a daily basis

• Walls

and ceiling are insulated by Polyurethane

• The HVAC system used here is a centralized

arrangement but it is operated manually and uses R-22 refrigerant.

• Under deck insulation of ceiling is done
• 15 HP, 22 AMP squirrel cage induction motor is

used

• Air based AHUs installed with 15,000 CFM/CMH
• Hose reels stationed near AHUs in all the cores

ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED

• Manually operated HVAC system - inefficient
• Inefficient way of distributing air
• No fire detectors or alarms or sprinklers
• Better insulation of chiller needed
• Leaks occur due to windows, door and external

door leading to basement

• No waste management
• Under deck insulation is unnecessary

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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MAIN ENTRY

• Office spaces
• Office rooms
• Reading room
• Computer rm
• Reserved

collection

• Stack

GROUND FLOOR

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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Office Area – Issues to be Addressed

• Less lighting – in terms of number of fixtures and intensity
• Only small downlights are provided – Few not working
• Furniture arrangement not planned – adds to congestion
• Less number of diffusers – comparatively less cooling
• Diffusers are not placed efficiently
• No ceiling fans – only wall fans are provided – not adequate
• No sprinklers/ fire extinguishers, only smoke detectors are provided
• The lift is difficult to access

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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Computer Access Room- Issues to be Addressed

• No sprinklers/ Fire extinguishers
• Smoke detectors are provided but not uniformly placed
• No. of fans is less – covers less area – all users do not get fan
• Flooring – Tiles are broken due to wiring – Wires are exposed
• Wiring boxes are kept open
• Circulation blocked to an extent by the columns
• The tiles on the partition walls are falling apart – poor quality of

construction

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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Reading Room (External) – Issues to be Addressed

• No sprinklers/ Fire extinguishers
• Dampness on walls and floor – Plaster falling apart, flooring

discoloured

• Cracks on false ceiling – Not maintained
• Relatively hot – No proper air conditioning
• Door leaf always locked – not accessible
• Toilet not maintained – Fixtures in bad condition

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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VERTICAL CIRCULATION

STAIRCASE

• Two staircases present at the rear end of the

building.

• The stairs do not open outside the building.
• They run from the roof level till the basement

level.

• The stair are tucked far away from the main

activity area.

• These staircase are also referred to as fire exits .
• The entrance to the staircase are partially

blocked at basement level.

• Second level stack room and reading areas are

accessed through these staircases.

• The doors leading to the staircase are not fire

safe doors with approved fire rating.

ELEVATORS

• The building has 4 lifts placed at the four

quadrants.

• The lifts work at 50% capacity as at any instance
• nly two elevators are active.
• The lifts are switched of 3 hours prior to library

closing time.

• No wheelchair friendly lifts are available
• There are two lifts near the entry but they are

within the office area at ground level and open directly into the old periodicals and dissertation zones.

• None of the lifts have a lift lobby and zone

markings in the lift levels.

SERVICES AND INTERIORS

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CHECKLIST FOR ASSESSING FIRE SAFETY IN A BUILDING

As Per NBC 2016

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REFERENCES

• Handbook on Building Fire Codes, TCPO
• NBC-2016
• 2011 International Conference on Environment and Industrial innovation IPCBEE vol.12

(2011) , IACSIT Press , Singapore.

• Best practice for double skin facades EIE/04/135/S07.38652 WP1 REPORT “state of the art”.
• Double skin façade for office buildings, Harris Poirazis.
• Arup fire & façade guides revision A
• J. O’ Connor Building façade or fire safety facade.
• Wikipedia

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Thank you.