Anthropology: studies human culture and the evolutionary aspects of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Anthropology: studies human culture and the evolutionary aspects of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Aug 27, 2023 259 likes •524 views

Anthropology: studies human culture and the evolutionary aspects of human biology. Four main subfields: Cultural anthropology Linguistic anthropology Archaeology Physical anthropology 1 The anthropological perspective Goals -Extend

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Anthropology: studies human culture and the evolutionary aspects of human biology. Four main subfields: Cultural anthropology Linguistic anthropology Archaeology Physical anthropology

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The anthropological perspective

Goals

  • Extend knowledge to include other cultures
  • Study: diverse human experiences "within the context of

biological and behavioral continuity with other species"

  • Avoid ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism: viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one's own culture.

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Science in practice

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Reasoning in general

Deduction: inferring from the general to the specific All dogs are mammals. Lassie is a dog. Therefore, Lassie is a mammal. Induction: inferring from the specific to the general On Earth, my pen falls downward. I am on Earth. Therefore, probably, gravity pulls pens downward.

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Scientific thinking

Science: a body of knowledge gained through

  • bservation and experimentation

Science uses

  • Empirical data: gained from experiments or

making more observations.

  • Quantitative data: measurable, numerical,

quantities (mass, volume, length,...)

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Scientific method

Step 1: make observations: anything you experience with the five senses Step 2: form a hypothesis: a tentative explanation of our observations Step 3: Scientific testing: experiment and/or make more observations to confirm, disconfirm, or revise the hypothesis.

  • Replicate and repeat

Step 4: Theory: a tested explanation of the facts.

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Hypothesis testing

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Scientific hypotheses are falsifiable: possible to identify

  • bservations that disconfirm them.
  • Doesn't mean hypothesis is false, only that it's capable of being

false. Easier: hypotheses should be testable: we're able to test and see if it passes or fails a test.

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  • Ch. 2 Scientific thought and Darwin's

theory of natural selection

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Pre-scientific thinking

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Common views before the 18th century Fixity of species Young Earth

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Pre-scientific thinking

Changes before the 18th century

  • Discovery of the New World
  • New tools (telescope)
  • Heliocentrism

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Precursors to evolutionary theory

John Ray: Species: a group of organisms that are reproductively isolated Carolus Linnaeus: binomial nomenclature Homo sapiens = Genus species

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Precursors to evolutionary theory

Georges-Louis Buffon: Changes in the environment correlate with changes in an organism

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Precursors to evolutionary theory

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: emphasized organism-environment interaction First attempt to explain evolution... Inheritance of acquired characteristics

  • Traits altered through use or disuse
  • Altered traits are inherited

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Precursors to evolutionary theory

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: emphasized organism-environment interaction First attempt to explain evolution... Inheritance of acquired characteristics

  • Traits altered through use or disuse
  • Altered traits are inherited

Problem: says traits are altered during the lifetime of an individual

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Georges Cuvier: tried to explain geology with catastrophism

  • First to say species go extinct

Charles Lyell: Uniformitarianism explains geology points to an old Earth https://youtu.be/o_wmulBtWlk

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Thomas Malthus: populations grow exponentially but resources grow linearly

  • Leads to competition for resources
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  • Knew of Lamarck, Buffon, etc.
  • BFFs with Lyell
  • 5-yr voyage around the world informed his theory of natural selection

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

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Artificial selection

  • All dogs share a common ancestor
  • Explains the extreme variation between breeds

Natural selection: artificial selection analogy

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Individuals with favorable traits have higher reproductive success compared to individuals with less favorable traits.

  • 1. All species produce offspring faster than the food supply.
  • 2. There's biological variation in all species.
  • 3. Each generation more offspring are born than survive.

Natural selection in detail - Eight processes

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  • 4. More favorable traits lead to more fit individuals.
  • 5. Environment determines which traits are favorable.
  • 6. Traits are inherited and passed on to yield greater reproductive

success.

Natural selection in detail - Eight processes

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  • 7. Changes accumulate over time leading to new species.
  • 8. Geographical isolation causes speciation via selective pressure.

Natural selection in detail - Eight processes

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Reproductive success: # of reproductively viable offspring produced. Fitness: Relative measure of reproductive success. Selective pressures: Environmental factors determine reproductive success.

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Important terms for evolution by natural selection